Essay on History of Eating Disorders - 872 Words

Over time, many diseases and famines have spread across the globe. In the modern, developed world, different, yet equally severe, problems have arisen. One of the leading complications in today’s society is eating disorders. These relentless disturbances are known for being lethal and for ravaging the world. First off, an eating disorder is defined as the â€Å"deadliest mental illness†, according to the Victorian of Newport Beach. It is primarily associated with three major types of disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating, and Bulimia Nervosa. Each sickness has its own side effects, as they all involve different methods of consumption, but all can result in death due to heart failure. The first disorder listed, Anorexia Nervosa, or simply†¦show more content†¦These acts of exclusion are classified as the earliest known methods of bulimia. Thorough studies based on the illnesses were not conducted until 1689, when the first case of anorexia supposedly appeared. The case was disregarded, as religion in that time period promoted fasting over a course of days. Soon after, however, anyone found to be abstaining from nourishment was convicted of witchcraft and burned. Those drastic acts hindered the spread of anorexia, but only for a short period of time. Between the years 1 970-1980, anorexia and other eating disorders spread like a wild fire across America and, as a result, the world (Cowley). Eating disorders were rarely heard of before the 1980s, but after that, they exploded everywhere. With the media constantly depicted â€Å"perfect† bodies, people have set unrealistic expectations for themselves. It is estimated that approximately 36 million women have an eating disorder. Over 5 million of those women are American. Although eating disorders know no boundaries, the majority of the people whom contract either of these illnesses are females ages 15-24. The most common eating disorder is binge eating, affecting about 3.5% of all women and 2% of all men. As the number of those affected continues to increase, so does to mortality rate. As mentioned before, eating disorders are the deadliest mental illness and are 12 times more deadly than all causes of death in females 15-24 years ofShow MoreRelatedLack Of Eating Disorder History2018 Words   |  9 PagesLack of eating disorder history The purpose of this study (Vaughan Fotus, 2003) was to assess the relationship between girl’s media exposure and their development of eating disorder symptomatology. This study consisted of two phases conducted within a gap of 16 months. The original number of recruits were 479 female students from nine elementary and middle schools but due to certain factors such as relocation and incomplete data only 374 students with a mean age of 12 participated in this examRead More The Cause of Eating Disorders Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of Eating Disorders Although the causes are many and varied, we know that people with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming. For some, dieting, bingeing and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and a way to feel in control of ones life, but ultimately, these behaviors will damage a persons physical and emotional health, self-esteem and sense of competenceRead MoreEnvironmental Factors And Biological Factors That Predispose People Habits And Behaviors Of Eating Disorders1679 Words   |  7 PagesPredispose People to Habits and Behaviors of Eating Disorders Brittany N. Rehberg GCC Abstract There is a direct correlation between environmental factors and the development of eating disorders. Issues, such as bullying and skeptical comments, have been largely ignored. This thesis will attempt to show that biological as well as environmental issues correlate with a variety of eating disorders. Eating disorders would be Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating. When environmental and biological factorsRead MoreEssay on Childhood Sexual Abuse and Eating Disorders1579 Words   |  7 PagesAbuse and Eating Disorders Recently, a great amount of psychological literature has focused on finding biological and genetic causes of mental illnesses and disorders, including eating disorders. However, according to recent twin studies, the heritability component of eating disorders may only account for 0% to 70% of the variance (Fairburn, Cowen, Harrison, 1999). The leaves an ample amount of room for speculation of possible environmental risk factors for eating disorders. In thisRead MoreA Study On Eating Pathology Among Latinas Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesTHEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS There is a lack of studies that investigate the eating pathology among Latinas even though there is evidence that a binge eating component (i.e. binge eating disorder, bulimia nervosa) is more prevalent among Latinas compared with other races. For those who are engaged in binge eating tend to have unrealistic high expectations for themselves, which often are difficult to achieve. When the individual, in this case a Latina, has fallen short of these high expectations,Read MoreBinge Eating Disorder ( Bed )1453 Words   |  6 PagesBinge Eating Disorder Binge eating disorder (BED) is a psychiatric condition characterized by the consumption of large quantities of food in a specific amount of time, and feeling out of control while eating. BED also involves feelings of guilt and shame after binging but is not accompanied by compensatory behaviors, such as purging or vomiting. Binge eating is described by â€Å"eating at a fast pace, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating when not feeling hungry, eating alone to hide the amountRead More Eating Disorders And Substance Abuse Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesEating Disorders And Substance Abuse Common Eating Disorders: The two most common eating disorders are bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Both disorders, primarily affect young women, therefore the majority of the research on eating disorders has been done with women subjects. The onset of bulimia is between adolescence and early adulthood while the onset of anorexia is between early and late adolescence. Not only is the onset different but the disorders are unique. Bulimia nervosa isRead MoreStudents With Eating Disorders1728 Words   |  7 Pagesbut that is exactly what eating disorders are, for these students and for anyone who has an eating disorder death is one of the most undeniable and likely outcomes. This is not what the â€Å"normal† or â€Å"typical† college student looks like, but eating disorders affect a large population of the higher education population; and overlooking the importance of this sub-culture could and has had an impact on any and every institution across the nation. Student with eating disorders is a sub culture studentRead MoreTypes Of Perfectionism And Levels Of Recovery From Eating Disorders740 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction The research study examined possible correlations between various types of perfectionism and levels of recovery from eating disorders. The researchers conducted their experiment by comparing different conceptions of perfectionism across a healthy control group and fully recovered, partially recovered, and current (active) eating disorder groups. The researchers who conducted this experiment were Anna M. Bardone-Cone, PhD, Katrina Sturm, BA, Melissa A. Lawson, MD, Dr. Paul RobinsonRead MoreWhy Do Teens Suffer From Eating Disorders1596 Words   |  7 PagesOctober 20, 2015 Why Do Teens Suffer from Eating Disorders: Annotated Bib It is no new discovery that teenagers in America tend to have a conflict with eating disorders. This problematic issue tend to affect many young teens just as the people that surround them, those who care for them. People might stop to think why teens struggle so much with eating disorders or how can this issue be wiped out. The thing is people need to be well aware of eating disorders and there definition and try to find a

Women During The 19th Century - 1596 Words

Helen Keller once said, â€Å"I fall, I stand still†¦ I trudge on. I gain a little†¦ I get more eager and climb higher and begin to see the widening horizon. Every struggle is a victory. Keller’s ideas embody the change that occurs in women’s roles in American literature. The first writings of 16th century America contained little reference to women at all. In the early 19th century, women play somewhat larger roles but remain only in supporting roles until later in the century when a shift takes place and women now hold leading roles as the heroines of stories. Not only does the character’s role change, but also beginning in the 1800s, a continual shift occurs in the portrayal of women. Initially, women were portrayed as members of society who served as the man’s wife and remained silent influences to a man’s judgment. Eventually, this portrayal progressed to women of thought who desire to rebel from social norms. As women authors began writing about the suffrage they set internal fires in women that would cause an uproar and craving for change. Writer and social reformer, Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born on July 3, 1860, in Hartford, Connecticut. Gilman was a writer and social activist during the late 1800s and early 1900s. She had a difficult childhood. Her father, Frederick Beecher Perkins, abandoned the family, leaving Charlotte s mother to raise two children on her own. Gilman moved around a lot as a result and her education suffered greatly for it. Gilman’s upbringingShow MoreRelatedWomen During The 19th Century1350 Words   |  6 PagesMen and women play different roles in society. In the beginning of the 19th century, the gap between males and females was much larger than it is now. Back then men and women were usually assumed to have certain occupations. For example, in the 1950s women were â€Å"supposed† to become housewives and stay at home all day cleaning, cooking, or taking care of t heir children (Parry 1584). Men on the other hand, were suspected to go out and work all day doing whatever occupation they held. Due to the mediaRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1171 Words   |  5 PagesConstantly throughout history women have had different roles in society from men. Women were thought of as the caregivers and were expected to stay at home, while men were hunters and worked in the business world. The position of women in America as drastically changed, especially when noting the evolution of women in the 17th century to women in the 19th century. Women in colonial america were expected to stay at home, but this changed when the Republican Mother, a strong figure that became empoweredRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century Essay1787 Words   |  8 PagesWomen during the 19th and 20th century did not live like how women lived nowadays, especially African-American women. Three women are excellent examples of this, although one woman is fictional, their experie nces and attitudes somehow coincide with each other. Two out of the three were slaves for several decades of their lives and were able to obtain their freedom before the occurrence of the Civil War. While the third woman was never a slave during her life, she was raised by her grandmotherRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century845 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ratio of men to women was 3:1. The population was largely made up of bachelors for the first years. Women in the 17th Century were considered completely inferior to men in almost all ways possible. The social customs and legal codes ensured that the majority of women in these colonies were unable to vote, preach, hold political office, attend public schools or colleges, start lawsuits, make contracts or own property (Shi Tindall, 2013, Pg. 111). Women of the 17th Century had extremely restrictedRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto nurture and take care or create a family. Likewise, there were no spac es created for educating the woman but many women and families disagreed with this. As a result, the formation of schools for girls emerged but they only educated women in the socially acceptable occupation of teaching and in the 19th century, only unmarried women could be teachers. Another challenge for women advancing in higher education is the physiological inferiority placed upon them by the male dominated society. ManyRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century1111 Words   |  5 PagesBack in the 19th century, women were nothing more than maids and caretakers. Breaking their limitations was not a factor in their everyday lives. However Dorothea Dix had other beliefs. She believed that women could do more if they were as independent as their opposite sex. She perceived the idea that women could do so much more than just cleaning and cooking. With her powerful beliefs as her shield, Dix battled in the path to improved institutions as a humanitarian. She explored and encounteredRead MoreWomen During The 19th Century Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough corsets at this time led to broken bones and a death in 1665 (Olsen 74), this garment was worn throughout the 18th century. During this period, Turkish harem women wore clothes most similar to ours. They wore cloaks over their chemise and loose trousers while also being veiled (Olsen 59). This era marked conservatism in women’s clothes. During the first-wave movement, fashion did not become dynamic until the 1900s. In 1851, dress reformers tried to popularize a pair of baggy pants beneathRead MoreWomen Struggles During The 19th Century923 Words   |  4 PagesENG 251- 02 25 September 2014 Women Struggles in the 19th Century Since the beginning of time women have struggled to prove themselves to society so that people understand they are just as good as men. However, society has made a mockery of women for years. Using women for sex appeal and for personal gains. Women were those who stayed home cleaning, took care of the children, and prepared meals for the family. This sounds quite familiar with today’s society, but women today aren’t only limited toRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The 19th Century782 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Then and Now The role of women have changed drastically throughout history. Women have had the opportunity to change their lives and live in their light and not the shadows of men. Between 1800 and 2000, women and young ladies have been treated completely different, however, there are similarities in the way women have been brought up. Married women in the 19th century (1800), were thought to be dependent of men, Some men even compared them to children. Young ladies learned to be a goodRead MoreWomen s Rights During The 19th Century1507 Words   |  7 PagesIn The 19th Century The 19th century was an important period for women especially in Europe and North America. It was a crucial time for demand for change and women were at the forefront of it all. Viewed only as a homemaker, women found it difficult during this time to show society what they were capable of. Limitations on their capabilities created by gender stereotypes called for change. To understand the significance of the 19th century for women, one must consider the conditions women were living

Position Paper on Reality for Mathematician- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePosition Paper on Reality for Mathematician. Answer: Reality, in the colloquial usage of the term, refers to the state of things that have a physical existence. Philosophers over the years have tried to explain the concept in a varied number of ways from different points of view. In the following paper is attempted a definition of reality that is based on the first and second meditations of Descartes. Rene Descartes, known as the father of modern Western philosophy, was a French philosopher, scientist and mathematician. One of his most celebrated texts, Meditations on First Philosophy published in the year 1641 in Latin, deals with the skeptic analysis of the term reality. The philosopher then tries to establish the beliefs that can be taken to be known with certainty. In the first of the six meditations, is found that the meditator discards all the beliefs that he had faith on during his lifespan till that particular time. The person tries to rebuild his beliefs, this time basing them on more definite arguments (Descartes 2013). In the second meditation, Descartes presents the concept of representationalism. According to the philosopher, a person can reach out to the world in an indirect manner through his own world of ideas, that include all that the mind contains ranging from perceptions, memories and images to beliefs, decisions, intentions and so on. The second meditation con tains the famous theory of Cogito Ergo Sum which translates into I think therefore I am and the wax argument (Hasdan 2017). The theory of Descartes may be objected from a number of varied viewpoints. The theory propounded by the philosopher faces objections regarding the issue of not being able to distinguish between the state of wakefulness and dreams. According to another famous philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, Descartes had identified thinking or intellect with the thing which understands (Adams 2014). Hobbes argues that in the famous argument of Descartes, cogito ergo sum which translates into I think therefore I am [existent], the second part of the proposition depends on the knowledge of the first proposition (Mori 2012). It may be observed that Hobbes had been appearing incoherent in the arguments against the theories of Descartes and is found misquoting them as well. Descartes responds in short replies to all these objections in a rather rude or curt manner. Descartes had replied to the first objection of Hobbes saying that the philosopher had never claimed to introduce novelties with the use of the dream theories, instead it was used to help prepare the minds of the readers for the study of intellectual things. The philosopher, in a response to Hobbess second objection by saying that he had not mentioned the act of understanding to be similar to the thing which understands. In lieu of the discussion, it may be said that Descartes theory of skepticism leads to formation of a mind that questions everything inclusive of its own existence. Reality is inclusive of both the present and the past and does not depend on the comprehensibility and observability of the matter. It does not take into consideration the states in which things might have been imagined or appeared. References Descartes, R., 2013.Meditations on first philosophy. Broadview Press. Hasdan, L.E., 2017. compos mentis.compos mentis, p.35. Adams, M.P., 2014. The wax and the mechanical mind: Reexamining Hobbes's objections to Descartes's Meditations.British Journal for the History of Philosophy,22(3), pp.403-424. Mori, G., 2012. Hobbes, Descartes, and ideas: A secret debate.Journal of the History of Philosophy,50(2), pp.197-212.

Market Rebels free essay sample

Hayagreeva Rao is a published author, scientist and professor in Princeton University. He has conducted research and provided guidance for companies like IBM, General Electric and British Petroleum, as well as not-for-profit organizations including the American Cancer Society, FBI and CIA. The majority of Rao’s works are in the fields of management and sociology, focusing on the role of collective action as a drive of organizational change. The main theme of the book is a critical analysis of the nature of innovations in our society and their implications for the economy. Nevertheless, I would not say that the analysis is systematic throughout – only in the first part Rao briefly touches upon his theoretical framework. He suggests that the success of any innovation depends on the social movement associated with this, introducing the important concepts of â€Å"hot causes† and â€Å"cool mobilization†. A â€Å"hot cause† is crucial because it provokes emotions and creates an identity by bringing the members of community together. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Rebels or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is not enough by itself, and â€Å"cool mobilization† acts as a support tool for the spark â€Å"engaging audiences in new behaviours and new experiences that are improvisational and insurgent†. After introducing these notions, the author pursues with six different case studies to support his argument, united by the idea of â€Å"joined hands of activists† that create, diffuse or block innovations. Even though providing such an extensive range of empirical evidence should be enough to convince a reader, the case studies are quite unbalanced. Some provide a huge amount of detail while others jump to conclusions without much explanation. It is interesting how the case of the successful cultural acceptance of a car is opposed to the failure of Segway. Both products could be described as â€Å"hot causes† because of their originality at the time. The important difference is that a car was made popular by the clubs of automobile enthusiasts and highly publicized reliability races, while there was no infrastructure or a â€Å"cool mobilization† in place for the establishment of a Segway. One striking case study also demonstrated how the lack of social engagement could undermine a product’s launch: the deaf rights movement slowed adoption of the cochlear implant. It was presented as an aid for the deaf children, however the opposition saw it as a threat to deaf culture and the sign language. Another case is telling the story about the American microbrewers who brought diversity back to beer after decades of secretly brewing the beverage at hobbyists’ homes. They represented the â€Å"cool mobilization†, while the bad taste of mass produced industrial beer was a â€Å"hot cause†. To summarize the series of these real life examples, the main point that Rao wants to show is that the social movements have an influence that cannot be ignored and deserve a place in any serious look at institutions that shape social change. I find it surprising that the author does not mention the Internet and digital innovation, as it is a big part of the modern society. But thanks to his arguments, one can assume that projects like Wikipedia have a limited lifespan. I suppose that its rebellion nature is a â€Å"hot cause† which will become irrelevant after a few years and a â€Å"cool mobilization† should appear in order to maintain involvement. Overall I find the book interesting, with all the industry background that the author provides. Even though one may say that his arguments are sometimes flawed and unjustified, it offers a different angle on the links between economics the society.

Psychiatric Illness Trisomy 18 or Edwards Syndrome

Introduction Trisomy 18 (also referred to as Edwards Syndrome) is a rare genetic disorder (Gilmore, 2009). It occurs when part of an individual’s chromosome 18 is duplicated. This causes the development of a third copy of chromosome 18. This genetic error usually occurs as a result of nondisjunction during the meiotic stage. As the name suggests, it was first coined by John Hilton Edwards. He described it in 1960.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Psychiatric Illness: Trisomy 18 or Edwards Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This syndrome is among the most common type of Trisomy. It comes second after Down syndrome. Only one in about 6,000 cases survives to birth. Another statistic indicates that about 80% of the affected are female. The largest proportion of individuals with the condition dies even before birth. For those who survive to birth, most die within one month after birth. Another small proportion may survive for about one year. However, a few individuals may survive past the first year after birth. However, such individuals usually require appropriate treatment due to the various adverse effects associated with the condition. Older women are at high risk of conceiving such children. Those of ages 30 and above have a greater risk. Edwards syndrome manifests itself in several ways and affects the individual’s external and internal organs. Individuals with this syndrome have abnormally formed toes and fingers. Abnormalities are also seen in the way the ears, mouth, lips, and head are developed. Internal organs such as muscles, lungs, heart, and blood vessels are also abnormally developed. Apart from appearance, the cognitive abilities of children are affected. Learning is also greatly impaired since these individuals have psychiatric issues. Causes A normal human gene contains 23 pairs of chromosomes numbered 1 to 22. The 23rd pair usually contains the X-chrom osome and Y-chromosome. A newborn inherits a set of 23 chromosomes from either of the parents. In rare occasions, a genetic error may occur during the development of the sperm cell or the ovum. When the offspring is conceived with either of these cells, it may inherit a different number of chromosomes. In the case of Trisomy 18, the newborn inherits an additional chromosome. As a result, three copies of the chromosome appear. This may occur in different forms. Most of the children with this disorder are full trisomies. A small percentage of individuals are mosaic trisomies (Banka, Metcalfe, Clayton-Smith, 2013).Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such individuals have the extra chromosome appearing in only some of the cells. Other cases are due to translocations. In such a case, only a portion of the extra chromosome appears. These cases are usually hereditary. Consequences Trisomy 18 is usually fatal. Most babies with this condition die even before birth. Thirty percent of the newborns die within the same month. Very few live long enough to celebrate their first birthday. Edwards syndrome manifests itself in various ways. The manifestations may be external or internal. Most babies with the syndrome appear weak. They are also usually underweight. The babies may also have abnormally small heads. The ears may show malformation and are usually low-set. The mouth and jaws of such children are usually small. Some develop cleft lips. The hands of the babies with the conditions are abnormally formed since they tend to clench into fists. Many have overlapping fingers. Some develop clubfeet with toes that are fused or webbed. Apart from external abnormalities, babies with Edwards Syndrome may also develop malformed internal body organs. For example, the lungs and diaphragm may be abnormally developed. In most occasions, the blood vessels of such individuals may be malformed. Several congenital heart diseases may also develop in such individuals. Examples include Atrial Septic Defect and Ventricular Septal Defect. Male individuals may have abnormally formed urogenital systems. Others have malformed kidneys. Another consequence of the condition may be manifested in the form of inguinal and umbilical hernia. Due to issues with muscle tone and abnormalities with the nervous system, the motor skills of such individuals may be affected (Baty, Jorde, Blackburn, Carey, 1994). This could lead to curvature of the spine. This condition is also referred to as scoliosis. Due to the same problem, esotropia may develop. This is the case whereby the eyes appear crossed. What makes things worse is the fact that medical interventions, such as surgeries may be impossible to use due to issues with cardiac health. Constipation may be a life-long issue for an individual with Edwards Syndrome. This is solely due to the poor abdominal muscle tone. This is usual ly a source of discomfort, distress, and may cause feeding problems.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Psychiatric Illness: Trisomy 18 or Edwards Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For this reason, treatment is recommended for this issue. Examples of remedies include the use of special milk formulas and stool softening medication. However, enema is strongly discouraged because it may alter fluid body composition. Individuals with Trisomy 18 may also show severe developmental delays. However, early intervention may be used to help the child attain developmental milestones. Persons with the syndrome also have increased risks of developing cancer of the kidney. This disease is referred to as Wilms’ tumor. It mainly affects children, and it is for this reason that individuals with Trisomy 18 should have examinations of the abdominal cavity more often. Other complications, such as high blood pressure , pneumonia, seizures, ear and eye infections, pulmonary hypertension, and heart disease may occur. Another consequence of Edwards Syndrome is the inability to feed properly. Difficulties are also experienced when breathing, swallowing, and sucking. Such children may have problems coordinating their swallow. For this reason, they may choke or vomit. Other issues may include gastroesophageal reflux disease and aspiration. These describe the situation whereby food moves from the stomach to the throat and whereby liquid material is breathed into the lungs, respectively. Oral-facial clefts also cause issues as the child tries to feed. How Edwards Syndrome Affects Learning Process Children with Edwards Syndrome usually have learning problems due to the affected nervous system and brain. Mental retardation usually results in delayed development (Gilmore, 2014). The self-determination theory shows the importance of individuals’ innate psychological needs that influence their motivat ion and personality integration (Ryan Deci, 2000). These are required to ensure constructive social development. Retardation in individuals with Edwards syndrome may affect this ability (Anderson, Lytton, Romney, 1986). Learning how to walk may prove to be a learning issue for individuals. For this reason, a child who has survived past the first birthday would require to use walking support. Such children also have limited verbal communication abilities (Liang, Braddock, Heithaus, Christensen, Carey, 2013). However, such children may respond to cuddling and may smile and interact with the guardian (Carey, 2012).Advertising Looking for term paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Response to stimuli such as cuddling indicates development since the Behavioural Child Development Theories propose that development is indicated by the child’s reaction to stimuli, punishment, and reinforcements (Dunn, 1992). According to the Group Socialization Theory proposed by Harris (1995), parents, teachers, and other members of society play an important role in the child’s learning process. Children with Edwards syndrome should have special education needs. Individuals with Edwards syndrome have difficulties expressing themselves using words (McGraw Perlman, 2008). Liang, Braddock, Heithaus, Christensen, and Carey (2013) conducted a study to investigate the communication ability of individuals with Edwards syndrome. According to the Sensory Stimulation Theory, effective learning takes place when there is a stimulation of the senses. These senses include sight and hearing. The individuals with Edwards syndrome can learn by watching and hearing. This is consiste nt with the cognitive Child Development Theory by Piaget, which proposes that a child actively gains knowledge from the environment. Conclusion Edwards syndrome is a genetic disorder that alters chromosome composition. The additional chromosome may cause death in most of the babies. Most die before birth, and many more die within the first month. For those that survive past the first year develop many abnormalities. Some defects would be visible on the outside, but some occur internally. Such children also experience learning problems since their nervous systems and brains are affected. Although these children may show some form of communication using gestures or body language, they are unable to speak sensibly (Nicoladis, Mayberry, Genesee, 1999). References Anderson, K., Lytton, H., Romney, D. (1986). Mothers’ interactions with normal and conduct-disordered boys: Who affects whom? Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 604-609. Banka, S., Metcalfe, K., Clayton-Smith, J. (2013) . Trisomy 18 mosaicism: Report of two cases. World J Pediatr, 9(2), 179-181. Baty, B., Jorde, L., Blackburn, B., Carey, J. (1994). Natural history of trisomy 18 and trisomy 13: Psychomotor development. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 49(1), 189–184. Carey, J. (2012). Perspectives on the care and management of infants with trisomy 18 and 13: Striving for balance. Current Opinion in Paediatrics, 24(1), 672–678. Dunn, J. (1992). Siblings and development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(1), 6-9. Gilmore, L. (2014). Understanding chromosome disorders and their implications for special educators. Cypriot Journal of Educational Science, 9(1), 14-20. Gilmore, L. (2009). Rare chromosome disorders and their developmental consequences. Intellectual Disability Australasia, 30(1), 3-7. Harris, J. (1995). Where is the child’s environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102(3), 458-489. Liang, C., Braddock, A., Heithaus , J., Christensen, K., Carey, J. (2013). Reported communication ability of persons with Trisomy 18 and Trisomy 13. Dev Neurorehabil, 1751(8423), 1-8. McGraw M., Perlman, J. (2008). Attitudes of neonatologists toward delivery room management of confirmed Trisomy 18: Potential factors influencing a changing dynamic. Paediatrics, 121(1), 1106–1110. Nicoladis, E., Mayberry, R., Genesee, F. (1999). Gesture and early bilingual development. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 514–526. Ryan, R., Deci, E. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. This term paper on Psychiatric Illness: Trisomy 18 or Edwards Syndrome was written and submitted by user Ryland Eaton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Basic Requirement For An APA Short Essay Format Sample Paper

A Basic Requirement For An APA Short Essay Format Sample PaperThe APA is the American Psychological Association. As the name indicates, it is a professional organization with a national authority on psychological research and practice. Its goal is to facilitate and promote the full progress of psychology research.Having an essay is as a basic requirement for the graduate students and even first-year college students are required to write an APA short essay format sample paper. Their essay is one of the basic requirements for their APA degree. There are several assignments that are given and some very basic information will be required to be provided on the APA website before they can begin their assignment. Below are some of the basic requirements that students need to meet.For those who want to apply for a psychology bachelor's degree, these are some of the basic requirements that students need to meet to get a higher grade in their grade. The main aim of this is to give some degree of guarantee to the students that the process for getting a psychology bachelor's degree is indeed worth the effort.When writing a class APA short essay format sample paper, students will have to read over many papers that they may find. This is to make sure that the students understand the different points in each paper so that they can have an idea about how to write a paper that is effective. Many people who write these will use the other writers' styles or even their own writing style but always remember that the style that you prefer, you will have to have an idea about it when you start. Also, keep in mind that the style that you use may not be to your liking but as long as you use a good quality format to help you in your assignment.The next thing that you need to do is to ensure that your own style is appropriate for the paper that you have to write. There are several ways to do this. Some will ask you to include a personal experience that you have had. Other will ask you t o use your experiences from one situation that you have faced at school or at work.Some other ways to do this will be asking you to describe the events that happened at work, the importance of the items and the people that are mentioned. This will require some creativity to come up with the right ideas. You can also just write whatever you feel like to give. However, you can always check your work and look for mistakes to ensure that you have written something worth sharing.Students will be spending countless hours in this assignment, so it is important that they write a paper that is meaningful. You can either give a personal experience or relate something that happened at school. It is important that students create a clear idea about themselves as well as the profession that they are going to practice.

When to Pull the Plug Professor Ramos Blog

When to Pull the Plug Fig. 1.Living will. â€Å"Silly Sunday: Life Support.† https://joycelansky.blogspot.com/2012/09/silly-sunday-life-support.html Death is inevitable. It is topic not many people would like to think about much less be comfortable to talk about.However, it is a very sensitive issue that should be discussed between family members. Many of these patients have no written legal documents that state their end-of-life wishes. If a brain dead patient is placed on a breathing machine and other forms of life support, who would be the one in charge of making life-and-death decisions such as when to pull the plug? When the choice to take a loved one off of life support after brain death is declared to families, the choice is not always easy. Today, doctors and family members face challenging ethical questions concerning when and if they should pull the plug. Therefore, to relieve both sides from making such a difficult decision, a brain dead patient should be pulled out from any means of life support per patient’s wish as indicated: in his/her living will, per doctor’s pronouncement based on neurological crit eria of brain death, per hospital’s concern as to minimize financial burden, and unnecessary suffering of both the patient and their family. Fig. 2.Who do you wish to make health care decisions for you when you can’t make them for yourself any longer? https://www.winstonmedical.org/visitors-patients/advanced-directive/ Brain Death Scenario: There are many cases of brain dead patients who are placed on life support machines. The most recent case is JahiMcMath, a 13-year-old African American girl from Oakland, California, who got admitted in the hospital for sleep apnea (breathing repeatedly stops and starts when asleep) and had her tonsils removed, was pronounced brain dead on December 12, 2013 after she suffered massive blood loss from surgery (Schmidt 1). She had no living will before the surgery, which directly made her parents as surrogates to make decisions for her. She was placed on life support for four years. When her parents decided to pull the plug, Jahi stopped breathing and her heart stopped beating. She was pronounced dead the second time on June 22, 2018 (2). Fig. 3. Brain death. http://1.bp.blogspot.com Brain Function: What is the function of the brain? Kasule states the brain is the command, coordination, and communication center for the body to work (2). He continues, when an injury to the brain happens due to lack of oxygen, the brain is very sensitive to such abuse, that it dies irreversibly first before other major organs like the lungs and the heart. The injured brain cannot recover or be replaced. Therefore, the brain controls all the other organs, and when it dies, the other organs imminently follow. Fig. 4.Neurological criteria for death (Brain Death Protocols).CrashMaster, http://crashingpatient.com/intensive-care/neurologic-criteria-for-death.htm/ Reason #1: Why Unplug – Patient is Brain Dead Based on Neurological Assessment Criteria The neurological assessment for brain death is a universal law or criteria followed by doctors when examining and confirming if a patient is dead or alive, based on neurological criteria as lack of responsiveness (coma), absence of brainstem reflexes (i.e. pupils do not react to light, no facial muscle movement, no gag reflexes), absence of breathing drive, and no brain waves activity as shown in figure 4. If there is no change, the test is repeated after 24 hours to confirm death (Jakusovaite et al 206). This has become the criteria for brain death confirmation that doctors follow. As opposed to comas, when patients are in comas whether medically induced or through the patient’s health process, tests are done such as those indicated above that show that the body is still responsive and the brain is not dead. There is also a test to check for brain waves and in coma patients, brain waves are still present. However, in the brain dead patient, waves are no longer present or acti ve. In 1973, brainstem death was identified as the point of no return and the United States Uniform Determination of Death Act was enacted (Kasule 2). The brain dead patient is not able to cough or swallow, breathe on their own, do not display brain waves, and have no hope in quality of life. Thus, by pulling the plug, it will cause the patient’s breathing to cease and thereby causing the heart to stop. Reason #2: Why Unplug – It Drains Family Resources When Patient Has No Point of Return (Dead) The purpose of protecting resources is attained by earlier confirmation of death using brain death criteria to stop expensive life support in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The daily costs in the ICU are higher during the first 2 days where the cost of mechanical ventilation is $10,794 on day 1 and $4,796 on day 2 (Dasta 1266) in addition to ICU equipment supplies. As of January 1, 2018, the cost of room and board in critical care or trauma pediatric intensive care unit in University Hospitals in Cleveland Medical Center is $10, 140 per day (Patient Pricing Information 1). The indirect costs are expenses when family leave their work and travel to the hospital daily. However, once death is confirmed any further ICU care is a waste of resources (Kasule 5). In fact one of the reasons a patient is taken out of life support is when the family can no longer afford the financial cost of the treatments. The cost is so high that it takes toll on the family’s finances. It is a lose-lose situation if a patient will never recover and the family will end up in debt.Due to this financial burden, it is important that staff have a realistic conversation with the family to discuss the patient’s quality of life and the need to pull the plug. Fig. 5.Advanced directive.https://www.winstonmedical.org/visitors-patients/advanced-directive/ Fig. 6.Percentatge of Americans without advanced directive. â€Å"Your Resolution for Advance Directives.†https://www.hhhc.org/resources/news/advance-directives/resolution-advance-directives/ Reason #3: Why Unplug – Respect One’s Wishes Not to Be on Life Support if No Quality of Life Many critically ill patients opt out of life support and state their wishes in an advanced directive or living will in the event there is no chance of recovery or quality of life. Tejwani defines advance directives as a set of instructions recognized under state law in reference to the provision of health care when the individual is incapacitated (772). It communicates one’s wishes to family, friends, and health care professionals in the event of becoming unable to voice one’s own wishes. It may also include durable power of attorney (POA), a document designating a surrogate decision-maker if the individual is incapacitated and can include orders for withdrawal of life support. Patients with advance directive are much more likely to receive end-of-life care consistent with their preferences. A majority of the population in United States do not have advance directives as shown in figure 6. A surrogate or proxy speaks for the patient and is to follow the patient’s specific views on end-of-life values and preferences. If the patient’s preferences are unknown, the surrogate should make decisions in the best interest of the patient (772). It can be difficult to begin the conversation on end-of-life preferences, however, a simple and/or quick discussion can make a huge difference. In the instance of Jahi, had her parents and medical staff asked her what her preferences were prior to her surgery, it may have made a difference for her and her family’s suffering afterward. Thus, the growing consensus is that every adult, regardless of age, should consider preparing an advance directive because unforeseeable accidents can and do occur. Fig. 7.Ventilator/ventilator support.https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/ventilatorventilator-support Addressing Opposite Side #1 – Family believes Patient on Life Support is Alive Family members often believe that a patient on a breathing machineor ventilatoris still alive because the patient is breathing and the heart is beating even when the brain is dead. The use of life support is that it sustains life for a longer period of time to allow for the processing a traumatic event, acceptance of the situation, more time to grieve, and possible solutions. However, it is wrong to keep someone alive without their consent, possibly prolonging their suffering. The downside to this situation is difficult to determine when is the right time to pull the plug? In the case of JahiMcMath, who was on life support, her parents believe that it is morally wrong according to their religious belief to let someone die (Schmidt 1). Emotionally, it is difficult for Jahi’s family when confronting the issue of her brain dead status and it would be difficult for them if they are asked to pull the plug. Her parents were hoping she would recover, that is why they opted for life s upport (Schmidt 2). However, after 4 years of being on life support, Jahi’s organs started to fail. Her parents decided to pull the plug because that is the only realistic option for them and for their daughter. Had the parents understood the meaning of brain death and what it means in terms of her quality of life, it is possible that they would have pulled the plug sooner. Because after they turned off the ventilator, Jahi stopped breathing and her heart stopped beating. The only support to keep her alive was the breathing machine. Fig. 8.Brain-dead patients deserve to be laid to rest. https://sundial.csun.edu/2014/01/brain-dead-patients-deserve-to-be-laid-to-rest/ Addressing Opposite Side #2 – Family Belief of Miracle Religious family members of a dying patient believe that miracles can happen. Tejwani states the patient’s family rejected the recommendation of considering comfort care of terminally ill patient and expressed strong feeling that a miracle would occur and the patient would regain consciousness and recover (773). Based on this hope, they requested continuation of unlimited life-sustaining measures. Despite being repeatedly informed that these measures would not alter the patient’s outcome, the family persisted on their requests. The care team felt the family’s expectations to be unrealistic and their demands unreasonable. Providing invasive care to a brain death patient with no hope of recovery creates emotional and moral distress on care providers, and providers may consider themselves agents of harm. Blindly following the surrogate’s wishes is not always in the patient’s best interest and most surrogates tend to request to â€Å"do everything poss ible.† Although in some circumstances this achieves nothing more than inflicting bodily injury on the patient (774). The appropriate time to pull the plug is after the confirmation of brain death using the brain death criteria and only after a very thorough discussion with the patient’s family. Jahi’s mother was not able to move on with her life thinking that her daughter was still alive and was stuck in the stage of denial (first stage of the grieving process) for 4 years. Magic miracle cures do not happen for a brain dead patient. Conclusion True, death is inevitable and talking about it should not be avoided among family members because unforeseeable accidents can happen anytime. The important message for patients and their families is, before a family member ends up in ICU or undergoes a surgery no matter how minor, they need to talk about what one would want in advance. End-of-life decision-making is extremely challenging for patient’s family to make without an advanced directive or living will. With an advance directive, the surrogate, family, and care providers have proof as to what the brain-dead patient’s values and preferences are. Nobody wants to be kept alive when such life would be a meaningless existence. Everyone wants a sentient existence in which one has the ability to think, read, speak, write, and communicate. Anything that could not restore a person to this is a purposeless and meaningless life. Moreover, state laws meeting should revise the Universal Declaration of Death Act (UDDA) to eth ically make the doctors pull the plug the moment a patient has been pronounced brain dead. Brain stem death should remain the mainstay of defining death so as to give families closure and prevent the patient’s suffering. Dasta, J.F. et al. Daily Cost of an Intensive Care Unit Day: The Contribution of Mechanical Ventilation.Critical Care Med.Jun 2005, 33(6).p. 1266.PubMed. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15942342 Jakusovaite, Irayda et al. Determination of Death: Metaphysical and Biomedical Discoure. Medicina.Vol. 52 issue 4. 2016. p. 206. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2016.06.02 Kasule, Omar Hasan. Brain Death: Criteria, Signs, and Tests. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. Vol. 8 issue 1, April 2013. P. ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jturned.2013.02.001 Patient Pricing Information.University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center. p.1. uhhospitals.org/cleveland/patients-and-visitors/billing-insurance-and- medical-records/patient-pricing-information Schmidt, Samantha. JahiMcMath, the California Girl in Life-Support Controversy, is Now Dead. The Washington Post. 29 June 2018. pp. 1-2. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/06/29/jahi-mcmath-the- calif-girl-declared-brain-dead-4-years-ago-is-taken-off-life- support/?noredirect=onutm_term=.b4a260ced3a6 Tejwani, Vickram et al. Issues Surrounding End-of-Life Decision-making.Patient Preference Adherence, (2013).pp. 771-775. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S48135