Seminar questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Seminar questions - Essay Example Further, the inability to continue with the new project of same franchise leads to deviation from the core, as a result a challenge in form of inability in practices. The level of understanding is another area that poses challenge in this regard. 4. The BCM policy is considered to be a vital part of the process, however much of the literature tends to discuss this in the context of larger organisations, how important do you think this would be for smaller organisations? BCM is equally important for the smaller organizations. In new trends the literature reviews need to be focused along the working of S.M.E as well. Also, BCM is an established key to success which is not limited to scale of organization, thereby it is needed to be in practise regardless of the size. The initiation and planning phases of a project are always important towards setting the foundations of organizational working. Effective BCM will translate into good results and good output by the end of the project and overall planning

Function of Plant Organs Essay Example for Free

Function of Plant Organs Essay As was noted in the previous chapter, most plant cells are specialized to a greater or lesser degree, and arranged together in tissues. A tissue can be simple or complex depending upon whether it is composed of one or more than one type of cell. Tissues are further arranged or combined into organs that carry out life functions of the organism. Plant organs include the leaf, stem, root, and reproductive structures. The first three are sometimes called the vegetative organs and are the subject of exploration in this chapter. Reproductive organs will be covered in Chapter 5. The relationships of the organs within a plant body to each other remains an unsettled subject within plant morphology. The fundamental question is whether these are truly different structures, or just modifications of one basic structure (Eames, 1936; Esau, 1965). The plant body is an integrated, functional unit, so the division of a plant into organs is largely conceptual, providing a convenient way of approaching plant form and function. A boundary between stem and leaf is particularly difficult to make, so botanists sometimes use the word shoot to refer to the stem and its appendages (Esau, 1965). The Leaf -The plant leaf is an organ whose shape promotes efficient gathering of light for photosynthesis, but the form of the leaf must also be balanced against the fact that most of the loss of water a plant might suffer is going to occur at its leaves. Leaves are extremely variable in details of size, shape, and adornments like hairs. Although the leaves of most plants carry out the same very basic functions, there is nonetheless an amazing variety of leaf sizes, shapes, margin types, forms of attachment, ornamentation (hairs), and even color. Examine the Leaves (forms) page to learn the extensive terminology used to describe this variation. Consider that there are functional reasons for the modifications from a basic type. The Stem The stem arises during development of the embryo as part of the hypocotyl-root axis, at the upper end of which are one or more cotyledons and the shoot primordium. The Root The root is the (typically) underground part of the plant axis specialized for both anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. Root (Follow any links for terms you do not understand and to gain a complete picture of root structural variation) Be sure to read about and understand the meaning of each (at a minimum) of the following terms: adventitious roots, endodermis, epidermis, gravitropism, root cap, root hair, stele, taproot. Most of the material you have read discusses the root organ as found in the angiosperms (flowering plants). However, among the vascular plants, only Psilotales lack such an organ, having i nstead rhizomes that bear hair-like absorbing structures called rhizoids (Eames, 1936 in Esau, 1965).

Limiting reactants and excess reactants :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Limiting reactants and excess reactants In the first experiment we noticed how Phenolphthalein, thiosulfate and copper (II) sulfate changed their physical properties once mixed with NaOH, Iodine and Ammonia I. INTRODUCTION A chemical reaction is a change that takes place when two or more substances (reactants) interact to form new substances (products). In a chemical reaction, not all reactants are necessarily consumed. One of the reactants may be in excess and the other may be limited. The reactant that is completely consumed is called limiting reactant, whereas unreacted reactants are called excess reactants. Amounts of substances produced are called yields. The amounts calculated according to stoichiometry are called theoretical yields whereas the actual amounts are called actual yields. The actual yields are often expressed in percentage, and they are often called percent yields. In this experiment we combined sulfuric acid and aqueous barium chloride to produce a precipitate, barium sulfate and hydrochloric acid. The precipitation was isolated by filtration and theoretical yield was calculated. We predicted the limiting reactant and verified our hypothesis in the lab. II. RESULT ANALYSIS GRAPH II. DISCUSSION In this experiment we combined sulfuric acid and aquenous barium chloride to produce a precipitate, barium sulfate, and hydrochloric acid. Our assigned volumes of 0.20 M BaCl were 5mL and 30mL. H SO + BaCl BaSO + 2HCl After finishing the experiment we calculate the mass of BaSO that we isolated. The results of the two trials were: 0.7g when we used 30 mL of BaCl and 0.017g when we used 5 mL of BaCl. 1. We calculated the theoretical yield of BaSO using our assigned volume. We know that: Molarity= # of moles/ # of liters, so: Trial 1. To find the number of moles we use the molarity formula: 30mL= 0.03L 0.2M = #of moles/ 0.03L = 0.006 moles of BaCl We know from the chemical formula that there is a 1/1 mole ratio between BaCl and BaSO, and that AW of 1 mol of BaSO = 233.404, so we transform moles to grams: 0.006 x (233.404g) =1.400g BaSO Trial 2. To find the no. of moles we used the molarity formula: 5.0 mL = 0.005L 0.2M = # of moles / 0.005 = 0.001 moles of BaCl AW of 1 mole of BaSO = 233.404g, so we transform moles to grams: 0.001 x (233.404g) = 0.233g BaSO 2. After determining the theoretical yield we calculated the percent yield of BaSO: Trial 1. The actual mass of BaSO isolated in our experiment was 0.

Ambition in Macbeth by William Shakespeare Essay

What is ambition? Ambition is described as eager for success, power or fame. For Macbeth. Ambition was what drove him to become great, it forced him to change his nature towards evil. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth was portrayed as a courageous soldier who fought for his King without mercy. But once the witches planted the seeds of greater things and Lady Macbeth fuelled his ambition, which lead him to become greedy and power hungry. Macbeth was led down to an unescapable road of doom by an outside force, namely fate in the form of the three witches. There was no supernatural force working against Macbeth, which therefore makes him responsible for his own actions and inevitable downfall. Macbeth is indeed responsible for his own actions, which are provoked by an unwillingness to listen to his own conscience, the witches, and his ambition. The witches tempted Macbeth with their prophecies, which made Macbeth ¡Ã‚ ¦s heart and mind slowly filled with ambition and his huger for power. The witches predicted, at the beginning of the play, that Macbeth would soon become the Thane of Cawdor and eventually the outright King. They tell Macbeth this, simply to ignite what would finally end up in him taking the life of King Duncan. Ambition, no matter how small, builds up, and becomes a need. When this ambition is built up and encouraged, it can influence a person’s decision. Macbeth went to three witches, who prophesized that he would become King. This got Macbeth thinking of how he can become King. At this time, he was still unsure of whether he would take any action toward gaining the crown. When he comes back to his house, Lady Macbeth convinces him to murder King Duncan, through emotionally degrading him, shown in the quote: â€Å"Art thou afeard/ To be the same in thine own act and valour/ As thou art in desire?† (Act I, Scene IV). This quote shows how Lady Macbeth influenced Macbeth’s decision, because after hearing about the prophecy, she also had the ambition for her husband to become King. Macbeth slowly becomes accustomed to killing and does it more easily and without remorse. For example, after Macbeth becomes king, he begins to worry about the second part of the prophecy, when Banquo’s sons become kings. Knowing that he will not have any heirs, Macbeth dreads the idea of â€Å"the  seeds of Banquo kings. Rather than so, come fate into the list, and champion me to the utterance†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3.1.70-73). Since he committed a sinful act to fulfill his desire become king, Macbeth does not want to lose everything he got to Banquo’s royal bloodline This shows how corrupt and villainous Macbeth has become; he will not let anything, not even friendship, get in the way of his desire to be the King of Scotland. And if the destruction of friendship is not a symbol of how strong Macbeth’s ambition truly is, then the manslaughter of an innocent man’s entire family is. When Macbeth sees the three apparitions, one of them tells him to beware Macduff . Surprisingly, after Macbeth learns that Macduff has fled to England, he responds by declaring that he will â€Å"give to the edge o’ the sword his wife, babes, and all unfortunate souls that trace him in his line.† (4.1.151-153). This shows how corrupt and evil Macbeth has become; he doesn’t even care about who he’s killing anymore. A wife and kids symbolizes purity and love in a man’s life; the fact that Macbeth doesn’t even consider the moral consequences of destroying a loving family and killing children shows how filled with ambition he has become. Macbeth is so afraid of losing to Macduff that he believes that by killing his family, Macduff will be broken beyond repair and not be able to face Macbeth. Unfortunately, he does not count on a certain someone to heighten Macduff’s hopes to slaying Macbeth by using his sorrow to his advantage. That certain someone is Malcolm, the son of Duncan. After the murder of his father, Malcolm’s ambition to destroy Macbeth becomes so strong that he forgets all moral values and disregards the feelings of others; this ambition represents revenge. Though Malcolm is able to understand the feelings of others, he lets nothing stop him from achieving his goal; this is either due to his inexperience of the world, or because he is too bent on revenge to think about anything else. When Macduff learns that his family is murdered, he begins to despair. Malcolm, not wanting to let anything get in the way of his ambition, tells Macduff to â€Å"dispute it like a man.† (4.3.221). Since Malcolm is a young man; he does not have a wife or kids and disregards Macduff’s pain as a sign of weakness. Note that even if Malcolm had a family and understood Macduff’s pain fully, he would still have been reckless and put revenge above anything else. Malcolm’s  father was a good man who lost his life at the hands of the man h e trusted the most; Malcolm is not going to let Macduff’s personal tragedy get in the way of his goal of destroying Macbeth. When Macduff responds by saying that first he must feel pain like a man, Malcolm responds by telling Macbeth to make his grief â€Å"be this the whetstone of your sword. Let grief convert to anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it.† (4.3.230- 231). While Malcolm is more understanding of the pain Macduff feels, he still convinces him to move on. When he says â€Å"let grief convert to anger†, he means for Macduff to use his sorrow as his anger so he can move on with his life and destroy the man responsible for his sorrow: Macbeth. Malcolm truly does feel bad about Macduff losing his family, but unlike Macduff, he has no family to worry about and has not experienced every pain and sorrow Macduff has been through. Given this evidence, it is evident how much ambition Malcolm has for destroying Macbeth. Macbeth is not fully to blame for his ambition clouding his judgment since the audience knows that Lady Macbeth has him kill Duncan so she can be Queen; this ambition represents power. While Macbeth is to blame for all he has done to his country, his wife started a chain reaction that sent Macbeth down this dark path. Had Macbeth not told his wife about the prophecies, she would not have become so obsessed with power and she would not have sent her husband to kill Duncan so she could be Queen faster†¦and all of Macbeth’s victims would be alive and well. Lady Macbeth wants so desperately to gain power, she begs of the immortals to â€Å"unsex me here and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty!† (1.5.41-43). Lady Macbeth is asking the spirits (or gods†¦I’m not quite sure; it’s pretty vague) to make her cruel and unforgiving so she can do the terrible deed of killing Duncan. This shows how evil and impatient Lady Macbeth is; ha d she waited for Duncan to promote Macbeth, she could have been Queen without her husband having to kill anyone, Macbeth would still have been a good person, and they would not have had to suffer so much guilt for all they did. Later, after Lady Macbeth drugs the guards, she boasts about the drugs â€Å"that which hath made them drunk Sprouse  hath made me bold; what hath quenched them hath given me fire.† Now Lady  Macbeth is almost certain that they will not fail; her ambition has clouded her better judgment and ignored the possibility of guilt haunting her and her husband. This ambition, the ambition of power, is by far the most deadly of all ambitions. If you want power so badly and very quickly, you forget about all the consequences that might come from it. In Lady Macbeth’s case, her consequence for her actions was the loss of her sanity and restless nights thinking about what she made her husband do, eventually causing her to take her own life. This being said, I think it is safe to say that too much ambition is NOT a promise of power or a sign of greatness.

Exercise for the Body

You know exercise is good for you — but do you know how good? At its most basic, exercise is any type of physical exertion we perform in an effort to improve our health, shape our bodies, and boost performance (Waehner, Web). Adults, men and women, and teens both benefit from exercise and physical activity in many different ways. Exercise should play a key role in everyone’s daily life, not only does it boost self esteem, it also improves mental health and helps prevent depression, heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type II Diabetes, and, as always, obesity.Most people agree that even though they may not look forward to doing a workout, they tend to feel better after there done. Finding activities that you enjoy and that become part of your daily routine is the key to a long and healthy life. Exercising helps prevent heart disease, cardiovascular disease, Type II Diabetes, decay of bones, known as osteoporosis, and obesity. According to the American Heart Associatio n, more than 16 million Americans have heart disease (Penninger, Web).Heart disease occurs when the small vessels in the heart muscle, the coronaries, are not sufficiently supplied with blood, a condition typically caused by arteriosclerosis (Blech 64). Primary risk factors for heart disease include: high blood pressure, obesity, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Daily exercise, such as, walking, swimming, and running, has been known to lower blood pressure by keeping the arterial walls distensible and responsive to both diastolic and systolic blood pressure (Marieb and Hoehn 705).Type II diabetics respond well to exercise by becoming more sensitive to insulin- the hormone that lowers blood pressure. Exercise can also reduce â€Å"bad† cholesterol levels in the blood (the low-density lipoprotein [LDL] level), as well as total cholesterol, and can raise the â€Å"good† cholesterol (the high-density lipoprotein [HDL] level) (Marieb and Hoehn 943). Exerci se burns extra calories, increases metabolic rate (anabolic ally and catabolically), and increases enzymes which leads to weight loss. In addition, high levels of stress have been linked to weight gain.Whether it’s hitting the gym, swimming a couple laps in your pool, or even taking a brisk walk around your neighborhood, exercise improves mental health and helps prevent depression and anxiety. Exercise is a distraction that can get you away from the cycle of negative thoughts that feed anxiety and depression. When one is active, blood and oxygen flow to the brain are increased, growth factors that help create new nerve cells increase to promote plasticity, and chemicals in the brain increase that help cognition, such as, dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate (Physical Exercise, Web).As exercise is increased, energy levels and serotonin are increased, which leads to improved mental clarity (Sarnataro, Web). Studies show that exercise boosts activity in the brains frontal lobes an d the hippocampus. Doing something positive to manage anxiety or depression is a healthy coping strategy. Trying to feel better by drinking alcohol, dwelling on how badly you feel, or hoping anxiety or depression will go away on their own can lead to worsening symptoms. Self-esteem is defined as the experience of being capable of meeting life’s challenges and being worthy of happiness (Fresh, Web).Developing healthy self-esteem is a critical component of program aimed at self-improvement. In those who work out in the morning, endorphins, a chemical the pituitary glands produce, are released into your bloodstream, which can lead to a more energized day (Zelam, Web). After a long day at work, stresses and worries can accumulate inside you. Exercise right after work is the perfect natural therapy that can change your mood drastically. Daily exercise may give you the chance to meet or socialize with others.Just exchanging a friendly smile or greeting as you walk around your neigh borhood can help improve your mood. Meeting exercise goals or challenges, even small ones, can boost your self-confidence. Getting in shape can also make you feel better about your appearance. Teens that make exercise and physical activity a habit have a lot going for them, such as, high self-esteem, better grades, and abstinence. Nearly half of American youths aged 12-21 years are not vigorously active on a regular basis (Fitness Benefits for Teens, Web).Teens who exercise a minimum of 60 minutes a day are less likely to have heart disease, obesity, and osteoporosis as adults. Resistance and strength training exercises in teens is very important because it helps bone production and bone growth, which prevents osteoporosis. Many teens deal with skin problems, such as, acne and early signs of aging. Exercise mediates the production of testosterone-related hormones such as DHEA and DHT. â€Å"There‘s a lot of indirect evidence that shows that when you exercise your level of str ess diminishes.So your adrenal glands are producing less of these male-type hormones that are part of any acne flare-up† (Bouchez, Web). Exercise boosts oxygen to the skin; it also helps increase that natural production of collagen, the connective tissue that plumps your skin. Your skin color is also improved after exercise because of the increase blood flow (Fitness Guide, Web). A 2002 study by the National Academy of Health showed teens who did not exercise were five times more likely to engage in overuse of alcohol, drugs, and crime than those who were already committed to a regular schedule of exercise.Women who regularly participate in physical activity can reduce or improve symptoms of menopause, PMS, diabetes, as well as numerous other conditions. Pregnant women should also engage in exercise. Just 30 minutes of moderate exercise, three times a week, can help balance hormones, lessen morning sickness, prevent or manage gestational diabetes, and ultimately, prepare for l abor and delivery. Also, in women, estradiol and progesterone, 2 ovian hormones linked to breast cancer tumor production, are lowered in the body by exercise (Brotherston, Web).Fat is a catalyst in the production of estrogen. Exercise burns body fat and thus can decrease the rate of estrogen production. Sex plays a key role in exercise for men; the greater the amounts of testosterone circulating in the body, the greater your ability to build muscle, burn body fat, enhance athleticism, and perform like a champion in the bedroom (Stiefel, Print). Sexual function is affected by general health and the more you can do to improve your health with physical activity, the etter your sex life can be. Higher levels of testosterone lead you to wanting more sex. Frequent ejaculation boosts testosterone levels, which works your endocrine system (Stiefel, Print). Researchers from the University of Naples reported that lifestyle modifications, mainly a reduced calorie diet and regular exercise, imp rove erectile dysfunction in obese men (Bumgardner, Web). Millions of Americans suffer from illnesses that can be prevented or improved through regular physical activity.Basic knowledge of the anatomic, biochemical, and physiological changes that result from various patterns of physical activity (short and long term, sustained and intermittent, isotonic and isometric, low and high intensity) in persons of different ages is needed, as is a determination of whether a certain minimum-intensity threshold of physical activity is required for benefit (Fletcher and et al. Web). Exercise is the single best thing you can do for your brain in terms of mood, memory, and learning (Kotz, Web). Regular exercise is a critical part of staying healthy. Those who are active live longer and feel better.

An Analysis of The selling of Joseph by Benjamin Franklin †American Literature Essay (200 level Course)

An Analysis of The selling of Joseph by Benjamin Franklin – American Literature Essay (200 level Course) Free Online Research Papers An Analysis of The selling of Joseph by Benjamin Franklin American Literature Essay (200 level Course) There is no doubt that slavery is one of humankind’s worst experiences. Humans have been practicing slavery for centuries. From the big Roman Empire to the small kingdoms of Asia and Africa, slavery was a common and acceptable practice. In all these societies slaves were traditionally kept and used as domestic servants and it was also an indication of power and wealth, but they were not used for commercial gains. Things changed with the discovery of the New World, the need for quick and cheap labor increased. Benjamin Franklin’s satire on the defense of slavery makes a lot of sense. He bases his argument on religion, wealth, civility and power. His use of Divan of Algiers to further illustrate his point was a good and valid idea. The Divan uses all this points to argue that slavery in fact is good for the continuation of their civilization. The Divan feared the fall of Authority if slavery was to be abolished. Religion has been used a lot of times to justify the continuity of slavery and the slave trade. This is also demonstrated in Franklin’s letter. Franklin writes that the divan of Algiers emphasizes that by bringing or capturing slaves they are civilizing and showing them the light of God. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is their condition then made worse by their falling into our hands? No; they have only exchanged one slavery for another, and I may say better; for they are brought into a land where the sun of Islamism gives forth its light and shines in full splendor, and they have an opportunity of making themselves Acquainted with the true doctrine, and Thereby saving their immortal souls†¦ â€Å" (Franklin 759) The divan of Algiers does insist that slavery is good for the so-called â€Å"infidels† and their captivity is good because it helps them become better individuals and Muslims at the same time. He also raises points that aren’t the individuals and Muslims at the same time. He also raises points that aren’t the individuals already slaves from wherever they come from? (Franklin 759). This is true since most of the people the Algerians were capturing were sailors from European ships and the Algerian assumed that they were slaves since they got treated bad by the ship owners. The Divan suggests that the captives are just changing from one slavery to another better one. Religion was used everywhere in his defense of slavery. The divan was not the only individual to use religion to his defense, the king of Bonny (now the Nigerian Delta) also used religion to legitimize slavery. The British declared all slavery being illegal and this forced the king to respond,  "†¦we think this trade must go on. That is the verdict of our oracle and priests. They say that our country however great, can never stop the trade but god himself†¦.† (The Story of Africa 2). The author Phillis Whetley in one of her poems also praised slavery â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦twas mercy that brought me from my pagan land†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Whitley 1104). The use of religion to argue on slavery was a common practice and Franklin exhibited it to us using the Divan. The Divan did not use religion only, he also used economics or wealth as a reason to try further his arguments. The Divan tried to illustrate that by abolishing slavery, the government and its people will lose a lot of money and things will be worse. The land they occupy will diminish in value and there will be no one to cultivate the farms. The government will lose a lot of money and it will not be able to pay its citizens for whatever loss they have incurred (Franklin 759). The government will also lose most of its revenues from the slaves owners. This economic argument was also used by a lot by the plantation owners in the Americas. Franklin’s Divan tried to persuade the council that the country ‘s economy will be in ruins if they do go ahead and let the slaves free. His argument is valid and makes sense when you look it in an economic perspective. The Divan states that the slave being inferior and ignorant, will not be able to establish good government and govern themselves â€Å"†¦but they are, I doubt, too little disposed to labor without compulsion, as well as too ignorant to establish a good government†¦.† (Franklin 759) The divan argues that the slaves will be treated fairly and better if they stayed. Franklin’s divan was not the only one to be concerned about the future of freed slaves, Samuel Sewall who spoke out against slavery also showed some concern on what will happen if the slaves in America were freed. In his memorial â€Å"The selling of Joseph† Seawall says about that â€Å"†¦. few can endure Negro being set free, and indeed they can seldom use their freedom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Seawall 414). Seawall’s statements goes on to show that even though he was a pre-abolitionist he was not necessarily a supporter of an integrated society and so was the Dian of Algiers. To conclude Franklin’s use of the Divan’s argument made a lot of sense since we could compare the Algerians to the plantation owners in the Americas. Slavery is bad there is no doubt about that but I do agree with the Divan’s a4rgument when it comes to the economics of it. The whole argument takes a different turn and makes a lot of sense even though it is such a bad idea. Franklin clearly illustrates and satirizes the Divan’s argument. The points are clear and easy to understand in spite of being such a hard topic. Overall the argument makes a lot of sense and it is valid. The only thing it misses is it does not take into consideration the feelings and opinions of the slaves. Franklin clearly does a great job explaining slavery to us through the Divan. Franklin, Benjamin from â€Å"On the slave Trade† The Heath anthology of American Literature, Vol. I. 3rd ed. Paul Lauter. Bostson: Houghton, 1998.758-760. Seawall, Samuel from â€Å"The Selling of Joseph† The Heath anthology of American Literature, Vol. I. 3rd ed. Paul Lauter. Bostson: Houghton, 1998.413-418. World Service, BBC from â€Å"The story of Africa† BBC World Service website (bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica) London: 05-23-2001 Wheatley, Phillis from â€Å"On being brought from Africa† The Heath anthology of American Literature, Vol. I. 3rd ed. Paul Lauter. Bostson: Houghton, 1998.1104. Research Papers on An Analysis of The selling of Joseph by Benjamin Franklin - American Literature Essay (200 level Course)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Graduating FROM High School and College

Graduating FROM High School and College Graduating FROM High School and College Graduating FROM High School and College By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, When did it become acceptable to drop the preposition after the verb graduate, as in â€Å"I graduated high school in 2000†? This nonstandard usage has become common in colloquial speech, but it is still not acceptable in formal English. The American dictionary Merriam-Webster includes an example from ESPN that suggests that dropping the from is acceptable: †¦ smiling like dudes whove just graduated college or just reached the legal drinking age †¦ - Jeff Bradley, ESPN, 23 Aug. 1999. However, the American style guide published by the Associated Press rejects this usage: Graduate [verb] is correctly used in the active voice: She graduated from the university. It is correct, but unnecessary, to use the passive voice: He was graduated from the university. Do not, however, drop from: John Adams graduated from Harvard. Not: John Adams graduated Harvard. Other respected American commenters on usage also reject the nonstandard form: You can’t â€Å"graduate college† anymore than you can â€Å"go college† or â€Å"arrive college.† In this instance, the verb â€Å"to graduate† is acting as an intransitive verb, and intransitive verbs cannot take on an object.- dmatriccino, Writer’s Digest. If you go around saying you graduated college, you sound illiterate.- Grammar Girl. In certain dialects (notably that of New York City), it is common to say, â€Å"He is going to graduate high school in June† rather than the more standard â€Å"graduate from.† When writing for a national or international audience, use the â€Å"from.†- Paul Brians, Common Errors in English Usage. In a Web search, the nonstandard form outstrips the standard form, but in the Ngram database of printed books, â€Å"graduated from† prevails. In an academic context, schools graduate students, but students graduate from schools. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsUsing the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

A Biography of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.

A Biography of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. was in Miami when he had a meeting with film producer Abby Mann, who was contemplating a movie biography about King. Mann asked the 37-year-old minister how the movie should end. King replied, It ends with me getting killed. Throughout his civil rights career, King was painfully aware that a number of white Americans wanted to see him destroyed or even dead, but he accepted the mantle of leadership anyway, assuming its heavy burden at the young age of 26. The 12 years the activist spent fighting first for civil rights and later against poverty changed America in profound ways and turned King into the moral leader of the nation, in A. Philip Randolphs words. Martin Luther Kings Childhood King was born on Jan. 15, 1929, to an Atlanta pastor, Michael (Mike) King, and his wife, Alberta King. Mike Kings son was named after him, but when little Mike was five, the elder King changed his name and his sons name to Martin Luther, suggesting that both had a destiny as great as the founder of the Protestant Reformation. The Rev. Martin Luther King Sr. was a prominent pastor among African Americans in Atlanta, and his son grew up in a comfortable middle-class environment. King Jr. was an intelligent boy who impressed his teachers with his efforts to expand his vocabulary and sharpen his speaking skills. He was a dutiful member of his fathers church, but as he grew older, he did not show much interest in following in his fathers footsteps. On one occasion, he told a Sunday school teacher that he did not believe that Jesus Christ was ever resurrected. Kings experience in his youth with segregation was mixed. On the one hand, King Jr. witnessed his father stand up to white policemen who called him boy instead of reverend. King Sr. was a strong man who demanded the respect he was due. But, on the other hand, King himself had been subject to a racial epithet in a downtown Atlanta store. When he was 16, King, accompanied by a teacher, went to a small town in southern Georgia for an oratorical contest; on the way home, the bus driver forced King and his teacher to give up their seats to white passengers. King and his teacher had to stand for the three hours it took to return to Atlanta. King later noted that he had never been angrier in his life. Higher Education Kings intelligence and excellent schoolwork led him to skip two grades in high school, and in 1944, at the age of 15, King began his university studies at Morehouse College while living at home. His youth did not hold him back, however, and King joined the college social scene. Classmates remembered his stylish mode of dressa fancy sport coat and wide-brimmed hat. King became more interested in the church as he grew older. At Morehouse, he took a Bible class that prompted his conclusion that whatever doubts he had about the Bible, it contained many truths about human existence. King majored in sociology, and by the end of his college career, he was contemplating either a career in law or in ministry. At the start of his senior year, King settled on becoming a minister and started acting as assistant pastor to King Sr. He applied and was accepted into Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania. He spent three years at Crozer where he excelled academicallymore so than he had at Morehouseand began to hone his preaching skills. His professors thought he would do well in a doctoral program, and King decided to attend Boston University to pursue a doctorate in theology. In Boston, King met his future wife, Coretta Scott, and in 1953, they married. King told friends that he liked people too much to become an academic, and in 1954, King moved to Montgomery, Ala., to become pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. That first year, he finished his dissertation while also building up his ministry. King earned his doctorate in June of 1955. Montgomery Bus Boycott Shortly after King finished his dissertation on Dec. 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was on a Montgomery bus when told to give up her seat to a white passenger. She refused and was arrested. Her arrest marked the beginning of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The evening of her arrest, King received a phone call from union leader and activist E.D. Nixon, who asked King to join the boycott and host the boycott meetings at his church. King hesitated, seeking the counsel of his friend Ralph Abernathy before agreeing. That agreement catapulted King into the leadership of the civil rights movement. On Dec. 5, the Montgomery Improvement Association, the organization leading the boycott, elected King as its president. The meetings of Montgomerys African-American citizens saw the full realization of Kings oratorical skills. The boycott lasted longer than any had predicted, as white Montgomery refused to negotiate. Montgomerys black community withstood the pressure admirably, organizing car pools and walking to work if necessary. During the year of the boycott, King developed the ideas that formed the core of his non-violent philosophy, which was that the activists should, through quiet and passive resistance, reveal to the white community their own brutality and hatred. Though Mahatma Gandhi later became an influence, he initially developed his ideas out of Christianity. King explained that [t]his business of passive resistance and nonviolence is the gospel of Jesus. I went to Gandhi through him. World Traveler The bus boycott was successful in integrating Montgomerys buses by December of 1956. The year was a trying one for King; he was arrested and 12 sticks of dynamite with a burnt-out fuse were discovered on his front porch, but it also was the year that King accepted his role in the civil rights movement. After the boycott in 1957, King helped to found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which became a key organization in the civil rights movement. King became a sought-out speaker across the South, and though he worried about peoples overweening expectations, King began the travels that would take up the rest of his life. In 1959, King traveled to India and met with Gandhis former lieutenants. India had won its independence from Great Britain in 1947 due in large part to Gandhis non-violent movement, which entailed peaceful civil resistancethat is resisting the unjust government but doing so without violence. King was impressed by the incredible success of the Indian independence movement through the employment of non-violence. When he returned, King announced his resignation from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. He felt it was unfair to his congregation to spend so much time on civil rights activism and so little time on ministry. The natural solution was to become co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. Nonviolence Put to the Test By the time King moved to Atlanta, the civil rights movement became full-fledged. College students in Greensboro, N.C., initiated the protests that formed this phase. On Feb. 1, 1960, four African-American college students, young men from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, went to a Woolworths lunch counter that served whites only and asked to be served. When denied service, they sat silently until the store closed. They returned for the rest of the week, kicking off a lunch-counter boycott that spread across the South. In October, King joined students at a Richs department store in downtown Atlanta. It became the occasion for another of Kings arrests. But, this time, he was on probation for driving without a Georgia license (he had retained his Alabama license when he made his move to Atlanta). When he appeared before a Dekalb County judge on the charge of trespassing, the judge sentenced King to four months hard labor. It was presidential election season, and presidential candidate John F. Kennedy called Coretta Scott to offer his support while King was in jail. Meanwhile, Robert Kennedy, though angry that the publicity of the phone call might alienate white Democrat voters from his brother, worked behind the scenes to procure Kings early release. The result was that King Sr. announced his support for the Democratic candidate. In 1961, the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which had been formed in the wake of the Greensboro lunch-counter protests began a new initiative in Albany, Ga. Students and Albany residents began a series of demonstrations designed to integrate the citys services. Albanys police chief, Laurie Pritchett, employed a strategy of peaceful policing. He kept his police force tightly controlled, and the Albany protesters were having trouble making any headway. They called King. King arrived in December and found his non-violent philosophy tested. Pritchett told the press that he had studied Kings ideas and that non-violent protests would be countered by non-violent police work. What became apparent in Albany was the non-violent demonstrations were most effective when performed in an environment of overt hostility. As Albanys police kept peacefully jailing protesters, the civil rights movement was being denied their most effective weapon in the new age of television images of peaceful protesters being brutally beaten. King left Albany in August 1962 as Albanys civil rights community decided to shift its efforts to voter registration. Though Albany is generally considered a failure for King, it was merely road bump on the way to greater success for the non-violent civil rights movement. The Letter from Birmingham Jail In the spring of 1963, King and the SCLC took what they learned and applied it in Birmingham, Ala. The police chief there was Eugene Bull Connor, a violent reactionary lacking the political skills of Pritchett. When Birminghams African-American community started mounting protests against segregation, Connors police force responded by spraying the activists with high-pressure water hoses and unleashing police dogs. It was during the Birmingham demonstrations that King was arrested for the 13th time since Montgomery. On April 12, King went to jail for demonstrating without a permit. While in jail, he read in the Birmingham News about an open letter from white clergy, urging civil rights protesters to stand down and be patient. Kings response became known as Letter from a Birmingham Jail, a powerful essay that defended the morality of civil rights activism. King emerged from the Birmingham jail determined to win the fight there. SCLC and King made the difficult decision to allow high-school students to join the protests. Connor did not disappointthe resulting images of peaceful youths being brutally put down shocked white America. King had won a decisive victory. The March on Washington On the heels of success in Birmingham came Kings speech at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on Aug. 28, 1963. The march was planned to urge support for a civil rights bill, though President Kennedy had his misgivings about the march. Kennedy delicately suggested that thousands of African Americans converging on DC might hurt the chances of a bill making it through Congress, but the civil rights movement remained dedicated to the march, although they agreed to avoid any rhetoric that could be interpreted as militant. The highlight of the march was Kings speech that used the famous refrain I have a dream. King exhorted Americans, Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of Gods children. Civil Rights Laws When Kennedy was assassinated, his successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson, used the moment to push the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress, which outlawed segregation. At the end of 1964, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his success in so prominently articulating and demanding human rights. With that congressional victory in hand, King and the SCLC turned their attention next to the issue of voting rights. White Southerners since the end of Reconstruction had come up with various ways to deprive African Americans of suffrage, such as outright intimidation, poll taxes and literacy tests. In March of 1965, SNCC and SCLC tried to march from Selma to Montgomery, Ala., but were violently rebuffed by police. King joined them, leading a symbolic march that turned around before heading over the Pettus Bridge, the scene of the police brutality. Though King was criticized for that move, it presented a cooling-down period, and activists were able to complete the march to Montgomery on March 25. In the midst of the troubles at Selma, President Johnson gave a speech urging support for his voting rights bill. He ended the speech by echoing the civil rights anthem, We Shall Overcome. The speech brought tears to Kings eyes as he watched it on televisionit was the first time his closest friends had seen him cry. President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law on Aug. 6. King and Black Power As the federal government endorsed the causes of the civil rights movementintegration and voting rightsKing increasingly came face-to-face with the  growing black power movement. Non-violence had been enormously effective in the South, which was segregated by law. In the North, however, African Americans faced de facto segregation, or segregation kept in place by custom, poverty due to years of discrimination, and housing patterns that were difficult to change overnight. So, despite the enormous changes coming to the South, African Americans in the North were frustrated by the slow pace of change. The black power movement addressed these frustrations. Stokely Carmichael of SNCC articulated these frustrations during a 1966 speech, Now we maintain that in the past six years or so, this country has been feeding us a thalidomide drug of integration, and that some negroes have been walking down a dream street talking about sitting next to white people; and that that does not begin to solve the problem . . . that people ought to understand that; that we were never fighting for the right to integrate, we were fighting against white supremacy. The black power movement dismayed King. As he began speaking out against the Vietnam War, he found himself having to address the issues raised by Carmichael and others, who were arguing that non-violence was not enough. He told one audience in Mississippi, Im sick and tired of violence. Im tired of the war in Vietnam. Im tired of war and conflict in the world. Im tired of shooting. Im tired of selfishness. Im tired of evil. Im not going to use violence, no matter who says it. The Poor Peoples Campaign By 1967, in addition to becoming outspoken about the Vietnam War, King also began an anti-poverty campaign. He broadened his activism to include all poor Americans, seeing the achievement of economic justice as a way to overcome the sort of segregation that existed in cities like Chicago but also as a basic human right. It was the Poor Peoples Campaign, a movement to unite all impoverished Americans regardless of race or religion. King envisioned the movement as culminating in a march on Washington in the spring of 1968. But events in Memphis interfered. In February of 1968, Memphis sanitation workers went on strike, protesting the mayors refusal to recognize their union. An old friend, James Lawson, pastor of a Memphis church, called King and asked him to come. King could not refuse Lawson or their workers who needed his help and went to Memphis at the end of March, leading a demonstration that turned into a riot. King returned to Memphis on April 3, determined to help the sanitation workers in spite of his dismay at the violence that had erupted. He spoke at a mass meeting that night, encouraging his listeners that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land! He was staying at the Lorraine Motel, and on the afternoon of April 4, as King and other SCLC members were readying themselves for dinner, King stepped onto the balcony, waiting on Ralph Abernathy to put on some aftershave. As he stood waiting, King was shot. The hospital pronounced his death at 7:05 p.m. Legacy King was not perfect. He would have been the first to admit this. His wife, Coretta, desperately wanted to join the civil rights marches, but he insisted that she stay at home with their children, unable to break out of the rigid gender patterns of the era. He committed adultery, a fact that the FBI threatened to use against him and that King feared would make its way into the papers. But King was able to overcome his all-too-human weaknesses and lead  African Americans, and all Americans, to a better future. The civil rights movement never recovered from the blow of his death. Abernathy tried to continue the Poor Peoples Campaign without King, but he could not marshal the same support. King, however, has continued to inspire the world. By 1986,  a federal holiday  commemorating his birthday had been established. Schoolchildren study his I Have a Dream speech. No other American before or since has so clearly articulated and so determinedly fought for social justice. Sources Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1964. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988. Frady, Marshall. Martin Luther King. New York: Viking Penguin, 2002. Garrow, David J. Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.. New York: Vintage Books, 1988. Kotz, Nick. Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws that Changed America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005.

Rounding with Mixed Decimals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Rounding with Mixed Decimals - Essay Example Adding extra zeros to the right of the last decimal digit does not change the value of the decimal number (Math League, 2008, pg. 1). Children should also be familiar with the whole number portion and with naming what digit is in what place. For instance, in 14.65, the whole number portion is 14. An example of the latter can be illustrated with 4.165. In this number, 4 is in the ones place, 1 is in the tenths place, 6 is in the hundredths place, and 5 is in the thousandths place (Math League, 2008, pg. 2). A variety of specific examples or tasks can be used to check student understanding of rounding with decimals to the nearest tenth and to detect the existence of any possible conceptual and/or procedural errors. First of all, if the assignments are being conducted via paper and pencil, traditional assessment instruments such as the paper test can be used to measure success or detect weak areas. Second of all, if the assignments are being conducted via computer software drills, the software often gives immediate feedback that can be used to detect any strengths and weaknesses that students may have. Third, if the assignments are being conducted via flash cards, immediate feedback can be gained and recorded by quickly jotting the notes regarding the students performance in a notebook for later analysis and recommendations or guidance in the area (Reys, et.al., 2004). According to 321 Know (2008, pg. 2), â€Å"Rounding decimals is very similar to rounding other numbers. If the hundredths and thousandths places of a decimal is forty-nine or less, they are dropped and the tenths place does not change. For example, rounding 0.843 to the nearest tenth would give 0.8. If the hundredths and thousandths places are fifty or more, the tenths place is increased by one. The decimal 0.866 rounded to the nearest tenth is 0.9.† According to Math League (2008), the general rule for rounding decimal numbers must be

Organizational Behavior & Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Behavior & Leadership - Essay Example Coercive power is the power of a manager to exact fear as a form of punishment or penalty for subordinates or rank and file employees who commit some forms of misdemeanors against company rules and regulations. Referent power is a particular leader’s ability to influence subordinates through charisma or certain personal attributes that the rank and file can identify with, making them quite devoted to that leader. Referent power usually makes the manager practice more affinity with his or her subordinates that would make them more of a mentor, rather than the exacting leader or manager. While this may embolden employees to emulate their heads’ or supervisors’ mild managerial approaches, it affects the way the leader is able to apply leverage in cases where disciplinary action must be enforced. And last, but not the least, is expert power which shows the manager’s cognitive ability or knowledge in a particular field making the manager the expert from whom th e employees can gain information, so they can do their particular jobs successfully (Turner, n.d. b). The marketing manager of Employee 1 uses both the legitimate power and the reward power, because Employee 1’s manager is able to require him to work forty hours and beyond a week within the legal bounds of his authority as a manager in the organization. Likewise, Employee 1’s manager utilizes his ability in motivating employees to work hard beyond their normal office hours by reminding them of the yearly bonus, which will be given to them accordingly, should they pass and get an outstanding rating on their next evaluation. And this is what propels Employee 1 to work very hard, so he can get the bonus in order to avail of his dream vacation. Aside from utilizing the legitimate power and reward power, Employee 1’s manager also employs coercive power since all the employees in the marketing department are being constantly reminded that if they want to get the hefty bonus then they must spend more working time for the company. Although punishment for not working beyond the regular hours was not mentioned in the given scenario – the employees assigned in the marketing department are not only motivated by wanting to get the bonus but also of the fact that if they did not perform well as per the pending evaluation, they silently dread any fine or penalty that may be imposed for substandard work performance. The accounting manager of Employee 2 uses the expert power because he recognizes the ability of Employee 2 who is the only certified public accountant in the accounting department of Corporation A. And since Employee 2 is the only person who can prepare the financial statements of the company, he agreed to allow him to work in a compressed work week schedule of four days a week; so long as the expected work output is realized within the given time frame allowed by the organization. Employee 3, on the other hand, has a very positive and charismatic personality that often makes people like him. Employee 3 was made a team leader because he also has the innate ability to influence others with his ideas; they, at first, seemed sceptical to his way of thinking but at the end totally agreed with him. Employee 3 has the knack of referent power, which can inspire others to think like he does, despite the fact that he has been employed within Corporation A for only a short period of time

Jazz-duke ellington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jazz-duke ellington - Essay Example Today’s American music though technically complex, has directness and simplicity of expression largely present in that of Ellington as they tend to perform in different styles. People are brought to their first great achievements through very few minutes’ performance and they later write music for all kinds of settings for instance; the comedy stage, the ballroom, the movie house, the nightclub, the concert hall, and the theater. His blues writing were due to new conceptions of form, harmony, and piece of song and he grew to become the leader of the romantic ballad creating much work that faceted the enormous soloists in his jazz group (Crease 100). This has greatly been portrayed in today’s performers in that they write their music basing on the current happenings and rumors quickly spreading throughout the world. Some of the musicians’ sense of musical drama make them stand out. Their blend of rhythms, subtle sonic movements, and melodies give audiences a new experience—complex yet accessible that makes their heart swing in joy. Most of the musicians perform in restaurants and clubs. Duke Ellington was an American jazz player and his full names were,† Edward Kennedy Ellington, and he bore the stage name, â€Å"Duke†. ... He was one of the jazz composers as he was one of the most prolific composers during the early twentieth century as far as both variety of forms and number of compositions were concerned. Duke Ellington has been credited for being the most significant composer of jazz in history. He also receives credit for being a bandleader who strongly held his large group together for close to fifty years. He had two aspects of his career, which were closely related. He used his band as a laboratory for music for the most ne compositions as well as shaped his writing skills particularly to showcase the abilities of his band members, most of whom remained by his side for a long period. In addition to composing jazz, he also wrote stage musicals and film scores. Most of his instrumental works were later adapted into standard songs (Ford 90). Irrespective of the fact that he toured a lot, he recorded extensively, a factor that resulted to his tremendous body of work that was assessed for a reasonabl y long time after his death. The many celebrations he received in 1999 evidences that he continued been regarded as a strong jazz composer. He was talented so much to overcome oddity. He was the primary writer of his band, allowing his players room to solo in his compositions. This resulted to a creation of a body of work that would have allowed jazz to enter the institutional and academic realms, which was its direction during the end of the 20th century. It is, therefore, arguable that he predicted the future of jazz and would have laid a claim as one of the most significant practitioners of jazz. He had impact of popular music of the twentieth century. He travelled across the world both as a bandleader and piano player

To what extent do socia factors such as age, gender, social status or Essay

To what extent do socia factors such as age, gender, social status or ethnicity correlate with linguistic variable - Essay Example This means that social factors like age, gender, social status and ethnicity are closely associated with language variation. â€Å" Miscommunication can occur when a member of one social group addresses a member of another social group†. ( Cutting Joan, 2002 ). Socio-linguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language in relation to society. Socio-linguistics is partly theoretical and partly empirical – partly a matter of going out and amassing a body of facts and partly of sitting back and thinking. Hence if we want to examine the correlation between language variation and social factors, we have to investigate language samples from various parts of the world and a couple of studies carried out by researchers in this regard. Let us first consider the age factor. We do not expect an adult to babble like a child. Adult speech is notably different. Young boys and girls also use a different kind of language from adults in the same community. Youths are always ke en to maintain the generation gap. This tendency is reflected in the way they create their own codes like whistling, and certain words whose meanings they share with peers. This can be called ‘teenage slang’, which ‘serves as a mark of membership and solidarity’. ... The vocabulary is as transient as the popularity. Teenage slang can include words, phrases, dialogues, characteristic tones, strange pronunciations and also syntactic patterns. Without doubt, it would sound out-of-place and shocking if a respectable adult uses teenage style of speech. This shows that the age factor is closely related to age factor. Gender is another important factor that affects speech. In most communities, men and women do not use identical language. Just as sounds like /s/, /f/ and /l/ have a typical onomatopoeic bearing, certain sounds are feminine in nature. At the lexical level, ‘adjectives like lovely, darling and cute may carry feminine associations, as do words that describe precise shades of color like mauve---‘. ( Finegan Edward, 1999 ) In some languages like Japanese, there is a dramatic difference between the speech of men and women. Here are two examples: 1. Oh dear, you’ve put the butter in the refrigerator again. 2. Damn, you have pu t the butter in the refrigerator again. Anyone can easily guess that utterance (1) above is uttered by a woman and (2) by a man. Women are also generally observed to be more talkative and speak in a higher pitch compared to men. The topics of discussion also differ among men and women. Some forms used by men in Koasati Indians of Louisiana are also used by middle-aged women in the community. This shows that linguistic variability can be accounted for by the role that people play in their community. Men play the authoritative role. The same authority is enjoyed by elderly women, hence, the similarity in language. In many Oriental languages, the second person plural is used by women even to address a single man, in

Teaching High School Badminton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Teaching High School Badminton - Essay Example The objective of the researcher is to create a curriculum design for teaching badminton to a diverse high school population. The curriculum must also address students who went through special education. It is a modified form of instruction that caters to students with singular needs or disabilities such as learning differences, mental health problems and other physical and developmental disabilities. Since the majority of the students with disabilities that have returned to general education consists of: 1.) students that have health impairments such as asthma and other chronic health conditions with proper medical clearance and, 2.) students with learning disabilities such as speech and language impairments1, the curriculum would deal with such students in order to narrow the broad scope of students taking special education. Learning disabilities are neural conditions which affect many areas of perception such as: 1.) visual or auditory discrimination, the perception of differences in either sights or sounds, 2.) visual or auditory closure, the completion of missing parts of sights or sounds, 3.) visual or auditory figure-ground discrimination, the ability of a person to focus on an object and disregard the background, 4.) both short term and long term visual or auditory memory w... right order, 6.) auditory association and comprehension which relates what is heard to the meanings of words and sentences, 7.) spatial perception which allows a person to perceive his laterality and his position in space, 8.) temporal perception, the processing of time intervals in the range of milliseconds and, 9.) non-verbal learning, the processing of nonverbal cues in social interactions.Because badminton is a racket sport that requires a great deal of hand-eye coordination and at a certain pace, may require its players to have aerobic stamina, strength and speed, drills and conditioning exercises that would augment the learning process of students with learning disabilities and physical constraints should be added in the curriculum.There are many specialized terms associated with curriculum design, these terms are not defined the same way by many professionals in this field. According to David Armstrong, these are the basic design concepts that must be considered when one is de signing a curriculum: 1.) scope, 2.) sequence, 3.) articulation, 4.) continuity, and 5.) balance.2 Scope "refers to the extent and depth of content coverage."3 This is very significant in curriculum development because of its dependence on instructional time. Since the time given for a certain subject is fixed, expanding the coverage in one area would lead to the reduction of the coverage of another area. The scope can be molded by these considerations: 1.) legal constraints, 2.) content significance, 3.) content authenticity, 4.) motivational appeal, 5.) content complexity, and 6.) the instructor's background and support-material availability.4Legal constraints refer to the decisions that cannot be changed by the curriculum developers. These are usually mandated by

To what extent do socia factors such as age, gender, social status or Essay

To what extent do socia factors such as age, gender, social status or ethnicity correlate with linguistic variable - Essay Example This means that social factors like age, gender, social status and ethnicity are closely associated with language variation. â€Å" Miscommunication can occur when a member of one social group addresses a member of another social group†. ( Cutting Joan, 2002 ). Socio-linguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language in relation to society. Socio-linguistics is partly theoretical and partly empirical – partly a matter of going out and amassing a body of facts and partly of sitting back and thinking. Hence if we want to examine the correlation between language variation and social factors, we have to investigate language samples from various parts of the world and a couple of studies carried out by researchers in this regard. Let us first consider the age factor. We do not expect an adult to babble like a child. Adult speech is notably different. Young boys and girls also use a different kind of language from adults in the same community. Youths are always ke en to maintain the generation gap. This tendency is reflected in the way they create their own codes like whistling, and certain words whose meanings they share with peers. This can be called ‘teenage slang’, which ‘serves as a mark of membership and solidarity’. ... The vocabulary is as transient as the popularity. Teenage slang can include words, phrases, dialogues, characteristic tones, strange pronunciations and also syntactic patterns. Without doubt, it would sound out-of-place and shocking if a respectable adult uses teenage style of speech. This shows that the age factor is closely related to age factor. Gender is another important factor that affects speech. In most communities, men and women do not use identical language. Just as sounds like /s/, /f/ and /l/ have a typical onomatopoeic bearing, certain sounds are feminine in nature. At the lexical level, ‘adjectives like lovely, darling and cute may carry feminine associations, as do words that describe precise shades of color like mauve---‘. ( Finegan Edward, 1999 ) In some languages like Japanese, there is a dramatic difference between the speech of men and women. Here are two examples: 1. Oh dear, you’ve put the butter in the refrigerator again. 2. Damn, you have pu t the butter in the refrigerator again. Anyone can easily guess that utterance (1) above is uttered by a woman and (2) by a man. Women are also generally observed to be more talkative and speak in a higher pitch compared to men. The topics of discussion also differ among men and women. Some forms used by men in Koasati Indians of Louisiana are also used by middle-aged women in the community. This shows that linguistic variability can be accounted for by the role that people play in their community. Men play the authoritative role. The same authority is enjoyed by elderly women, hence, the similarity in language. In many Oriental languages, the second person plural is used by women even to address a single man, in

Dualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dualism - Essay Example In Metaphysics, it holds that there are two realities: material and immaterial whereas, in the Philosophy of the Mind, it holds that the body and soul are categorically two completely different substances. In addition, the Minds’ Philosophy adjoins that the mental fact comprises of a small number of aspects that are by nature non-physical (â€Å"Dualism – Mind/Brain†). This concept is justified because we have a conscious state since we are able to have thoughts, emotions, desires, sensations and beliefs. In addition, that if the mind was merely a material substance comprising only of physical aspects, we would not be able to classify actions as intelligent or otherwise. Fundamentally, this concept opposes that of materialism, as the mind does not operate on a pre-set manner (Mastin). Scientifically, dualism can be explained using the fact that if one wanted to read our thoughts, they would not merely do so by looking at the brain waves; they would have to ask us. From a religious viewpoint, dualism is explained by the fact that people have faith in a Supreme Being; therefore, ascribe themselves to various religions, which consequently determine their actions in certain situations (Mastin). Property Dualism- this classification argues that the brain is an indistinct substance constituting of independent attributes that arise from the brain; hence, mental attributes come up because of the manner in which living human beings are made up. Predicate Dualism- this classification maintains that the psychological occurrences we have cannot be reduced to physical predicates in our innate languages; thus, we cannot explain the reality of the world through mere predicates i.e. description of the subject of a proposition. Initiated by Immanuel Kant in the 17th century, categorical imperative is the core principal behind moral evaluation. It proposes that every action we take when in a particular situation

Imogene king Essay Example for Free

Imogene king Essay As Hall (1965) says; â€Å"To look at and listen to self is often too difficult without the help of a significant figure (nurturer) who has learned how to hold up a mirror and sounding board to invite the behaver to look and listen to himself. If he accepts the invitation, he will explore the concerns in his acts and as he listens to his exploration through the reflection of the nurse, he may uncover in sequence his difficulties, the problem area, his problem, and eventually the threat which is dictating his out-of-control behavior. † Major Concepts The individual human who is 16 years of age or older and past the acute stage of a long-term illness is the focus of nursing care in Hall’s work. The source of energy and motivation for healing is the individual care recipient, not the health care provider. Hall emphasizes the importance of the individual as unique, capable of growth and learning, and requiring a total person approach. Health can be inferred to be a state of self-awareness with conscious selection of behaviors that are optimal for that individual. Hall stresses the need to help the person explore the meaning of his or her behavior to identify and overcome problems through developing self-identity and maturity. The concept of society/environment is dealt with in relation to the individual. Hall is credited with developing the concept of Loeb Center because she assumed that the hospital environment during treatment of acute illness creates a difficult psychological experience for the ill individual (Bowar-Ferres, 1975). Loeb Center focuses on providing an environment that is conducive to self-development. In such a setting, the focus of the action of the nurses is the individual, so that any actions taken in relation to society or environment are for the purpose of assisting the individual in attaining a personal goal. Nursing is identified as consisting of participation in the care, core, and cure aspects of patient care. Subconcepts The Care Circle It represents the nurturing component of nursing and is exclusive to nursing. Nurturing involves using the factors that make up the concept of mothering (care and comfort of the person) and provide for teaching-learning activities. The professional nurse provides bodily care for the patient and helps the patient complete such basic daily biological functions as eating, bathing, elimination, and dressing. When providing this care, the nurse’s goal is the comfort of the patient. Providing care for a patient at the basic needs level presents the nurse and patient with an opportunity for closeness. As closeness develops, the patient can share and explore feelings with the nurse. The Core Circle It is based in the social sciences, involves the therapeutic use of self, and is shared with other members of the health team. The professional nurse, by developing an interpersonal relationship with the patient, is able to help the patient verbally express feelings regarding the disease process and its effects. Through such expression, the patient is able to gain self-identity and further develop maturity. The professional nurse, by the use of reflective technique (acting as a mirror to the patient), helps the patient look at and explore feelings regarding his or her current health status and related potential changes in lifestyle. Motivations are discovered through the process of bringing into awareness the feelings being experienced. With this awareness, the patient is now able to make conscious decisions based on understood and accepted feelings and motivation. The Cure Circle It is based in the pathological and therapeutic sciences and is shared with other members of the health team. During this aspect of nursing care, the nurse is an active advocate of the patient. Assumptions The motivation and energy necessary for healing exist within the patient, rather than in the health care team. The three aspects of nursing should not be viewed as functioning independently but as interrelated. The three aspects interact, and the circles representing them change size, depending on the patient’s total course of progress. Strengths/Weaknesses Strengths: The use of the terms care, core, and cure are unique to Hall. Hall’s work appears to be completely and simply logical. Weaknesses: Hall’s work is simple in its presentation. However, the openness and flexibility required for its application may not be so simple for nurses whose personality, educational preparation, and experience have not prepared them to function with minimal structure. This and the self-imposed age and illness requirements limit the generalizability. Analysis Hall imposed an age requirement for the application of her theory which is 16 years of age and above. This limits the theory since it cannot be disregarded that nurses are faced with pediatric clients every now and then. Even though Hall confined her concepts for that age bracket, the concepts of care, core and cure can still be applied to every age group but again, none was specified. The only tool of therapeutic communication Hall discussed is reflection. By inference, all other techniques of therapeutic communication are eliminated. Reflection is not always the most effective technique to be used. The concept of a patient aggregate such as having families and communities as the focus of nursing practice was not tackled. It is purely on the individual himself. Although, the role of the family or the community within the patient’s environment was modestly discussed. In the focus of nursing care in Hall’s concepts, the individual must pass an acute stage of illness for you to successfully apply her theory. Therefore, this theory relates only to those who are ill. This indicates that no nursing contact with healthy individuals, families, or communities, and it negates the concept of health maintenance and disease prevention.

Water Irrigation Systems In India Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Irrigation Systems In India Environmental Sciences Essay Water is the most distributed substance on our planet. It is available in different amounts everywhere and plays an important role in the surrounding environment and human life. By recent estimates the earths hydrosphere contains a huge amount of water of about 1,386 million cubic kilometers. However, 97.5 per cent of this amount is saline water and only 2.5 per cent is fresh water. The greater portion of the fresh water (68.70%) is in the shape of ice and permanent snow cover in the Antarctic, the Artic, and Mountains regions. Only 0.26 per cent of the total amount of fresh water on the earth is concentrated in lakes, reservoirs, and river systems. They are most accessible for economic needs and very important for water ecosystems. Agriculture sector requires more irrigation water compared to industry and domestic sectors. Especially in developing countries the consumption of irrigation water was more than 90 per cent. Irrigation in India Indias irrigation development in this century and particularly after independence has seen number of large storage based system all by the government effort and money. However, in pre-British period in India, there were practically no large reservoir projects. Even in British period, a few storage structures were built only in the beginning of this century. Post independent India however has seen more than 60 per cent of irrigation budgets going for major and minor projects. Indian states have taken over total responsibility of planning, decision making, finance, construction, operation and maintenance of existing and future irrigation projects of all sizes. Indias irrigated agriculture has been fundamental to its economic development and poverty alleviation. About 18.00 per cent of Indias gross domestic product and 67.00 per cent of employment is based on agriculture. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood in rural area, which accounts for 75.00 per cent of Indias population and 80.00 per cent of its poor. And, in turn, irrigation is the base for about 56.00 per cent. Considering these aspects of agriculture, Government of India has undertaken construction of major and minor irrigation projects in India. But, these projects have failed in equitable distribution of water resources throughout the country. Irrigation in Karnataka The Karnataka state is the eighth largest state in the country and it is located in the Deccan plateau. The geographical area of state is 1,90,498 sq km accounting for 5.8 per cent of the total area of the country. The climate of state varies from very humid rainy monsoonal climate in the west coast, the ghats and malnad areas to semi-arid warm dry climate on the east. There is a large variation in the rainfall with higher amounts in the Western Ghats and reducing towards the eastern plains. Along the coastal Dakshina Kannada district, the normal rainfall is about 4000 mm while in the drought prone districts of Bijapur, Raichur, Bellary etc., the rainfall is of the order of 500 mm to 600 mm. The average annual yield of the rivers of the Karnataka has been roughly estimated as 98,406 M.CUM (3,475 TMC). Agriculture being the main occupation of the state, irrigation plays utmost significant role in obtaining increased yields from the land. The development of irrigation in the state was slow and unsystematic during the pre-independence era. However, there was some notable irrigation works undertaken and completed during the pre-independence, such as Krishna Raja Sagar, Vijayanagar canals, Cauvery anicut channels, Gokak canal, Vanivilas Sagar, Markonahalli and Anjanapur. Though major projects like Tungabhadra, Bhadra, and Ghataprabha stage-I were commenced prior to the plan period, their progress was low and got impetus only after their inclusion in the first five year plan. River systems of Karnataka and water resources Karnataka has seven river systems, namely Krishna, Cauvery, Godavary, West flowing rivers, North Pennar, South Pennar, and Palar. It is estimated that the economically utilized water for irrigation is about 1695 TMC, excluding ground water. The total net sown area in the state is 107 lakh ha including rainfed irrigated area of 46 lakh ha. It is reported that the balance irrigation potential from all sources excluding rainfed irrigation has been estimated as about 61 lakh ha comprising 35 lakh ha under major and medium irrigations, 10 lakh ha from minor irrigation using surface water and 16 lakh ha from ground water. The Tungabhadhra Project The Tungabhadhra Dam is built across Tungabhadra river near Mallapura village about 5 kms from Hospet town. The name Tungabhadra is derived from twin rivers Tunga and Bhadra, which originate in Varaha Parvata in Western Ghats and join at Kudali village in Shimoga district. The Tungabhadra Project was started during the year 1945 as a joint venture by the Governments of Madras and Hyderabad. At the time of States reorganization, the project came over to Karnataka state. In Karnataka, it is intended to irrigate an area of 3.63 lakh hectares in Bellary, Raichur and Koppal districts under this project. The ultimate irrigation potential of Tungabhadra project is 3.63 lakh hectares. About 3.52 lakh hectares have been developed up to end of March 2006. Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) PIM is not a new concept in India and locally managed irrigation systems are centuries old. They existed long before but they have been forgotten as the years rolled by and with the advent of the British regime and contraction of major irrigation projects. In ancient and medieval India, small irrigation schemes were entirely managed by farmers. As early as third century B.C. the Kautilya Arthashastrta enunciated the principles of participatory irrigation management. In second century A.D. in Tamilnadu, the Chola king built the Grand Anicut across the Cauvery river in the delta area and it was locally managed system till it was taken over by the British in 1799. Similarly, the Vijayanagar canals built by the Vijayanagar empire (13th to 16th century) as river diversion across the Tungabhadra river were entirely and ideally farmer managed. During the British period, many canal irrigation systems were built to ward off the havocs and distresses of famines in India. All these irrigation systems were entirely Government managed through the State Irrigation Department from top to bottom. Thus, the irrigation management became the exclusive responsibility of the State Irrigation Department. The concept of irrigation management is as much an organizational and social responsibility of the irrigators has been ignored with the need to increase agriculture productivity. Governments (Centre and State) embarked upon ambitious and major irrigation projects and they are all Governments managed. In this process, the past success of farmers in managing their own irrigation system was forgotten. The administration of such projects has not been able to enforce water control efficiently. Even if they are enforced, the legal mechanisms against the violators are also very weak. The failure of large scale irrigation projects has led to increased support for systems which could be run and maintained by the users themselves. In view of this, participatory irrigation management took birth. Realizing the great role of irrigation in economic progress, many countries in the world invested huge amounts of money for development of irrigation. Most of these state owned projects suffered from certain lacunae. These irrigation systems are not self sustaining because, the water charges have been kept low and also have not been collected efficiently over the years. The allocation of funds for the Operation and Maintenance (O and M) have created problem of unreliability of distribution of water. It has been recognized widely that unless the farmers are involved in an orgainized way in the operation, management and maintencance, the objectives of the irriagation projects cannot be realized to a full extent. Therefore, there is a trend all over the world to switch over to management of irrigation by farmers and thereby improve the efficiency. In the United States of America, the efforts began as early as in 1939 in this direction and completed thirty years later in 1969. France and Taiwan implemented the process in 1960s and 1970s. Since 1980s there have been experiments of this kind in Asia, Latin America, Africa, Arabia and Europe. Similarly Colombia, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil, Philippines and other countries. This program is called by different names in different countries. It is called as Turn over in Indonesia and Philippines. Management transfer in Mexico and Turkey, take over in Colombia, Post-responsibility system or Responsibility contracting system in China and Par ticipatory Management in Sri Lanka. The process of change is also described differently as Farmers Organization and Turn over (FOT), Transfer and Self-Management (TESM), Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT), Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM), etc. Participation is a process in which people express themselves, share, contribute and act with mutual responsibility to promote a common goals. Participation is crucial for agriculture and rural development and is one of the critical components for success of natural resource management. Farmers participation in decision making is more likely to lead to a sustainable increase in food production as well as in eco-preservation, restoration and development. Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) refers to the involvement such as planning, designing, construction and supervision, policy and decision making, operation and maintenance (O and M) and evaluation of irrigation system. The program is implemented in India with the label of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM). The objectives vary from place to place within the country, but generally directed at improving the operation and maintenance of the irrigation system, increasing efficiency in the use of water, reducing the Government expenditure on irrigation, increase the collection of revenue. The man behind the present day Participatory Irrigation Management and irrigation co-operation is Sir. M. Vishveshvaraya, who as early as 1902-03 had advocated for establishment of such co-operation in respect of Khadakwasla canals while he was working as an Assistant Engineer in the Bombay state. Two water users co-operative societies were established namely Saswad Mali Society (1932) in Pune district and Samvastra Vibhag Water Supply Co-Operative Society (1936) in Ahamadnagar district. PIM in Karnataka The associations were named as Water Users Co-operative Societies (WUCSs) and the task of organizing them was entrusted to the Command Area Development Authority (CADA). The jurisdictional area of society was indicated in the range of 300 to 500 ha depending upon the position of the command area, hydrologic base and consideration of socio-economic aspects. The first society was registered in May 1990 at Shettikera in Shahapur taluka of Upper Krishna Project comprising an area of 328 ha in Shahapur Branch Canal. Since 2000, the Government of Karnataka has initiated a number of fresh measures for the implementation of the Participatory Irrigation Management. It had promulgated amendments to the Karnataka Irrigation Act 1965 and Irrigation (Levy of Betterment Contribution and Water Rate) Act 1957, to provide the legal frame work for formation of the societies and their duties and responsibilities have been framed. Water users associations at different level: It was proposed to organize the Water Users Associations (WUAs) at four levels as follows, Lateral level Water Users Co-operative Societies Distributory level Water Users Distibutory Level Federation Project level Water Users Project Level Federation State level Water Users Apex Level Federation Objectives of PIM model in Karnataka To initiate participation of the farmers in water management, irrigation scheduling, distribution and maintenance of system at micro level. To improve irrigation as well as water use efficiency or optimal production per unit volume of water. To make best use of natural precipitation and ground water in conjunctive with the canal water. To develop a sense of economy in water use amongst the users. To facilitate the users to have a choice in selecting crops, cropping sequence, timing of water supply depending upon the soil and availability of water, climate and other infrastructure facilities available in the command such as road, markets, cold storage etc., so as to maximize the income and profit. To delineate responsibilities of water distribution and maintenance of system between the users both relating to allocation and actual supply of water. To facilitate resolution of conflicts among farmers. To entrust collective and community responsibilities on the farmers to collect water charges and payments to government. To improve and sophisticate deliveries precisely as per crop need by the department at the supply point of the minors and thus reduce operation losses. To create healthy atmosphere between the managers and users in the entire operation. Enough research has been conducted to develop appropriate technology for irrigation commands, but it has not been adopted properly due to various reasons. In this context, Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) is conceived as panacea for the ills of irrigated farming. It is expected to solve the problems such as poor drainage, poor crop productivity, environmental degradation etc. PIM also deals with the maintenance of the irrigation system, equitable distribution of water, scientific crop management, planning and designing, construction and supervision, policy and decision making, operation and maintenance and evaluation of irrigation system etc. The logic is that water users have higher stake and they have total control over management of the irrigation system. PIM in Tungabhadra Project area Tungabhadra project (TBP) is one of the oldest projects to help the drought hit districts of North Karnataka. It serves three districts namely, Koppal, Raichur and Bellary. The ultimate irrigation potential of Tungabhadra project is 3.63 lakh hectares. An area of 3.52 lakhs hectares has been developed up to the end of March 2006. Sufficient time has elapsed without adequate returns in terms of agriculture output, income or revenue from the investment. To overcome these hurdles, the state adopted Participatory Irrigation Management and formation of Water Users Co-operative Societies (WUCSs) in early 1990s. As per the directions of the Government of India, the farmers are required to adopt micro level systems of water management. In this respect, from the year 1990 to 1999, sixteen water users co-operative societies were organized under CADA of which 13 societies were assisted with an amount of Rs.12.97 lakhs for first three years to meet the expenses of establishment charges like office rent, furniture and maintenance charge etc. But these societies have become defunct due to stoppage of financial assistance from the Government. Action is being taken to revitalize these societies and to adopt the new bye-laws and start functioning as per the amendment brought to irrigation act which was enforced from 2000 and onwards. In Tungabhadra project command area, 432 water users co-operative societies (out of 835 societies covering 3.63 lakh hectares) were registered up to end of November 2007 at Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts. These water users co-operative societies covered an area of 1.77 lakh hectares of land. Among 432 water users co-operative societies, 168 water users co-operative societies have executed MOU and also two distributory level federations are registered one at RBLLC Bhagewady distributory and the other at RBHLC D.P.13 distributary. The formation of three more distributory federations are under progress. The registration of WUCSs in large number was mainly due to the pressure and target fixed by the government to the CADA officials. However, the progress of entering into memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Water Resources Department (WRD), actual hand over to farmers, etc was practically very slow. The expectations of organization of WUCSs were not achieved. There are many hurd les in the implementation of PIM at the grass root level. Therefore, in the study an attempt is made to understand the nature and progress of PIM and to identify the various factors / constraints limiting the successful implementation. This would throw light on ways and means for operatationalization of existing WUCSs in TBP area. Specific Objectives To analyze the growth in participatory irrigation management (PIM) in Tungabhadra project area. To asses the physical and financial progress of participatory irrigation management in the command area. To assess the impact of participatory irrigation management on farm economy. To identity the constraints in the operationalisation of participatory irrigation management (PIM). Hypotheses Growth of participatory irrigation management is increasing over the years. The physical and financial progress of the water users association is not satisfactory. The impact of functional water users co-operative societies on farm economy is not satisfactory over existing co-operative societies. Working of water users co-operative societies is beset with constraints. Presentation of the study The study has been presented in seven chapters. In chapter I, the nature and importance of the research problem, specific objectives of the study have been depicted. Chapter II deals with the review of the relevant past studies related to the study. Chapter III gives an over view of the study area, the nature and sources of data, the analytical tools employed for evaluating the objectives and interpreting the results and various concepts used in the study. The results of the study have been presented through a variety of tables in the chapter IV. A critical discussion of the results obtained has been presented / depicted in the chapter-V. A brief summary of the overall results and the main findings of the study have been presented in the chapter-VI along with the policy implications that emerged from the findings of the study. Chapter -VII includes the list of the refered books and journals in the study.

EMAIL ETIQUETTE Essay -- essays research papers fc

Email etiquette refers to a set of dos and don’ts that are recommended by business and communication experts in response to the growing concern that people are not using their email effectively or appropriately. Since email is part of the virtual world of communication, many people communicate in their email messages the same way they do in virtual chat rooms: with much less formality and sometimes too aggressively. Email etiquette offers some guidelines that all writers can use to facilitate better communication between themselves and their readers. One overall point to remember is that an email message does not have non-verbal expression to supplement what we are "saying." Most of the time we make judgments about a person’s motives and intentions based on their tone of voice, gestures, and their proximity to us. When those are absent it becomes more difficult to figure out what the message sender means. It is much easier to offend or hurt someone in email a nd that is why it is important to be as clear and concise as possible. Electronic mail (E-mail) cannot replace personal contact. David Angell states that electronic email has many advantages, â€Å"†¦eliminates phone tag, †¦breaks down the distance and time barriers of telephone calls and traditional written communication, †¦shortens the cycle of written communication, †¦improves productivity, †¦creates flexibility†¦by reducing telephone interruptions.† (Angell-Heslop 2). There is a tendency to be less formal or careful, which can sometimes provoke anger. Remember that direct, person-to-person contact is best for handling sensitive, difficult, complex, or emotional issues. Therefore, a company needs to implement etiquette rules for the following three reasons: professionalism, by using proper email language your company will convey a professional image, efficiency, emails that get to the point are much more effective than poorly worded emails, and protection from liability: employee awareness of email risks will protect your company from costly law suits. There are many etiquette guides and many different etiquette rules. Some rules will differ according to the nature of your business and the corporate culture. A few of these rules are to be concise and to the point, answer all questions, pre-empt further questions, use proper spelling, grammar & punctuation, answer swiftly, do not attach unnecessar... ...ensitive. If you don't understand a particular item, ask the sender for clarification before replying to an incorrect conclusion. In a reply, include the relevant parts of the original message for clarity, but keep the quotations to a minimum. Otherwise, simply attach the original message. Cite your information clearly and correctly, even if you are paraphrasing. When ending an email always use a signature because it identifies who you are and includes means of contacting you, but keep it short. Remember that electronic email is about communication with other people. When you compose an e-mail message, read it over before sending it and ask yourself what your reaction would be if you received it. Anytime spent on making out email clearer is time well spent. Works Cited Angell, David, and Brent Heslop. The Elements of E-Mail Style: Communication Effectively Via Electronic Mail. Canada: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1994. Harris, David. â€Å"Electronic Mail Etiquette.† School of Computing. 1997. Queens University 14 July 2003 . Miller, Samantha. E-Mail Etiquette: Do’s and Don’ts and Disaster Tales from People Magazine’s Internet Manners Expert. New York: Warner Books, Inc., 2001.

Italian Neorealism

In the period between 1943 and 1950 Italian cinema was dominated by Neorealism which became the most significant film style of post-war Europe. Formation began back in 1936 when propagandists opened modern Cincitta studios and the film school name ‘Centro Sperimentaledi Cinematografia’. Along with the opening of schools such as this was a movement that placed a group of cinematographers under full-year contracts, among them was Carlo Montuori who used his classic techniques in creating ‘Bicycle Thieves’ (1948) one of the most well known films produced during the Neo-Realism movement. Perhaps also one of the most influential directors was Roberto Rossellini who directed Rome Open City at the end of WWII. Many directors and influential films such as this began to change and shape the way Italian films were made and what their relation to society was like. The neorealist style was developed by a circle of film critics that revolved around the magazine Cinema, despite a severe lack of funds and equipment the Neorealist film makers sought to reveal truth of the everyday life. Filming outdoors in natural light and starring nonprofessional actors, it was a return to the Lumiere ethic of framed reality. NeoRealism became a style of film which was characterised by stories that were set amongst the poor and working class people. Realism would always be emphasized, and performances were mostly constructed from scenes of ordinary people performing fairly uninteresting and everyday tasks, completely derived of the self-consciousness that a trained actor would usually produce. The films would generally feature children as the major role but they were usually more observational rather than engaging. The film makers were heavily influenced by French poetic realism which was a stylised and studio bound movement that recreated the realism of society. Elements of neorealism can be found in the films of Alessandro Blasetti and the documentary-style films of Francesco De Robertis whose films Toni (Renoir in 1935) and 1860 (Blasetti in 1934) were two of the most significant precursors of the neorealism movement. There are a few aspects that make Italian Neorealist films unique; they would use nonprofessional actors for there raw awkwardness and everyday habits, capturing the reality of their poverty and desperation. The film makers would shoot scenes on location and mostly in poor neighborhoods or the countryside, with the plot surrounding life among the impoverished and lower class. The films theme mostly handled the difficulty of the economy and struggling moral conditions of post-WWII Italy while reflecting the changes in the Italian persona and the conditions of everyday life. What has become one of the best known Neorealist films is Roberto Rossellini's Rome Open City (1945), the film includes many of the characteristics of NeoRealism. The film contains a strong resistance towards conventional principles therefore showing an anti-establishment and revolutionary attitude. Just weeks after the German withdrawal Rossellini shot Rome Open City, this shocked and excited the film world because the film entails of the film was not expected. They had an extemporaneous, documentary quality enhanced in the early era by the materials from which they were made–war-time film stock, cobbled-together equipment, non-professional actors, and location shooting. Open City is a good example of this early period in neorealism. Rossellini helped Italian neorealism to develop as a particular form of cinematic expression during the period when Italy was ruled by authoritarians. Rossellini would rewrite the scripts according to the (nonprofessional) actors feelings and history. The regional accent of the area, dialect and costumes were shown in the film how they were in real life. Truffaut (one of the major figures of The French New Wave film movement) wrote in his 1963 essay titled Roberto Rossellini Prefers Real Life, that Rossellini's influence in France particularly among the directors who would become part of the nouvelle vague (new wave movement) was so substantial that he was in every sense â€Å"the father of the French New Wave†. The opinion that Rosselini’s work had become the introduction to a new style of film was enforced by many of the up and coming directors of the time and his work is still appreciated in the modern film world. When the economy began to improve and the rate of unemployment decreased people found Neorealism discouraging and began to favor light hearted American films which involved positive outcomes and happier endings than what the Italian people had come to know, with this change in favor came the end of the NeoRealism Era. Nevertheless Italian NeoRealism was essential to Italy’s film industry at the time the war ended and while Europe was recovering from the war. Its impact on modern film has been monumental, not only in Italian film but also on French New Wave cinema, and ultimately on films all over the world.